Annotation. HIV/AIDS remains a major global public health problem. HIV affects not only the health of the individual, but also society and the state as a whole. This article examines the problem of HIV/AIDS in the modern world. Based on the research, the author provides a brief history and information about HIV/AIDS. This area is also complemented by a consideration of the activities of international organizations that are making efforts to combat HIV/AIDS, such as UNAIDS, WHO and UNICEF, etc. The author comes to the conclusion that the trend to reduce the spread of HIV/AIDS has become positive, but to achieve a cure for this disease in the future, the interest and efforts of many people are needed.
Keywords: HIV/AIDS, international organizations, UNAIDS, WHO, UNICEF, activities.
Abstract. HIV/AIDS remains to be one of the major global public health problems. HIV not only affects the health of the individual, but also has influence on society and the state as a whole. The problem of HIV/AIDS in the modern world was considered in this article. The short history and information on HIV/AIDS is provided on the basis of the research conducted by the author. This direction is also supplemented with the investigation of the international organizations which make efforts in fight against HIV/AIDS, such as UNAIDS, WHO and UNICEF, etc. And the author works out what kind of activity these international organizations develop for people suffering from HIV/AIDS. The author comes to a conclusion that the tendency of halting the distribution of HIV/AIDS has proven to be positive but in the future attention and efforts of many people are necessary to defeat this illness.
Keywords: HIV/AIDS, International organization, UNAIDS, WHO, UNICEF, activities.
Introduction.
For more than 30 years since the open epidemic, humanity has been struggling with HIV/AIDS, but this problem has not yet really been solved. The problem of HIV/AIDS arose at the end of the twentieth century. HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) leads to the development of AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome), which destroys the human immune system. Now everyone knows that the problem of HIV/AIDS is not only a problem of one state, but also a global problem in the modern world. It is associated with other problems, such as demographic, economic and social. It is one of the main tasks facing the world community. HIV/AIDS, which threatens human life, is most common in Africa and, to varying degrees, in the countries of Europe, Asia and America. According to WHO statistics, more than 35 million people living with HIV are officially registered in the world. More than five thousand people are infected every year, in 2013 there were 2.1 million new cases of infection and 1.5 million people died from AIDS-related illnesses. But thanks to the fact that international organizations and states have made efforts to combat HIV/AIDS, the number of new cases of HIV infections has decreased by 38% compared to 2001, and over the past three years, mortality from AIDS has fallen by five times. To this extent, their efforts not only regulated the numbers, but also partly helped to overcome prejudice, led to awareness of the problem and the development of methods to combat this disease. I emphasize that in order to achieve the goal “zero” by 2015, formulated by UNAIDS (“zero new HIV infections. Zero discrimination. Zero deaths due to AIDS”), responsibility, effort and large amounts of financial assistance from international organizations are required, or voluntary support of the people. Currently, several international organizations exist to combat HIV/AIDS. The leading roles in this fight are played by the Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS), the World Health Organization (WHO) and UNICEF, etc. They are trying to implement their programs and set their own goals.
Review of literature and documentary sources.
To write the article, documents from the World Health Organization and UNAIDS were used, such as reports, data and statistics, which are published on the organizations’ website. Unfortunately, little literature was found that meets the objectives of this work. I relied primarily on the Global Response to HIV/AIDS Report, published jointly by WHO, UNICEF and UNAIDS, which provides data on progress made against the HIV/AIDS epidemic in 2010 in the following areas: access to treatment, prevention and support and care in low- and middle-income countries. And UNAIDS documents "Fast up: ending the AIDS epidemic by 2030".
Goals and objectives.
Give a general description of the problem of HIV/AIDS and explore the role of international organizations in the fight against HIV/AIDS, such as UNAIDS, WHO and UNICEF.
Study.
In June 1981, American scientists reported AIDS - this was the first clinical case of this disease, which later became widely known. HIV, which is its cause, was identified in 1983. HIV is found in the body fluids of a person who has been infected - blood, semen, vaginal secretions and breast milk. It can be transmitted through unprotected sexual contact. It has also become widespread among people who inject drugs through unsterile needles, as well as through untested blood products. It can be spread from mother to child during pregnancy, childbirth, or breastfeeding when the mother is HIV positive. Bringing a threat to all of humanity, AIDS is still spreading very unevenly among different nations. Most of the cases are in Tropical Africa, and many are infected in the United States. There are significantly fewer patients in Europe and Latin America. Rare outbreaks have recently appeared in Asia (in Hong Kong, Thailand, etc.), but in Asia it is spreading at a very fast pace. AIDS is coming to Russia too. Recent studies have revealed one detail: among the African peoples, despite the huge number of HIV-infected people, there were relatively few patients in the active form. Perhaps the African body was able to adapt to AIDS. But despite the fact that HIV/AIDS is still considered a terrible epidemic throughout the world, the situation has now become positive. As mentioned above, the incidence and mortality of HIV/AIDS have decreased. Worldwide, 35 million people are living with HIV. Compared to 2001, in 2013 the number of new HIV cases was 38% less. The number of deaths due to AIDS was also 35% less than in 2005. According to the results of a scientific study, as a result of its evolution, HIV infection has gradually become less deadly. And the incubation period of the virus has become longer. According to media reports, the rate of spread of HIV/AIDS is gradually decreasing, and the virus has been modified to a form that survives for a long time inside the body. For example, 20 years ago the incubation period for the virus in people living with HIV in Botswana was almost 10 years, but has now increased by 12.5 years. That is, this means that the incurable disease “AIDS” has been modified into a chronic disease. Despite this state of affairs, many people on our planet suffer from AIDS. People living with HIV in developed countries receive antiretroviral therapy (ART), which helps slow the progression of HIV disease and control AIDS. But patients in poor countries still cannot get the medical care they need. According to WHO, in 2013, the majority of the 35 million people living with HIV live in sub-Saharan Africa, but of these, only 11.7 million people received ATP. In low- and middle-income countries, among pregnant women who are infected, only 67% have received medications that prevent HIV infection in the fetus. The number of children who received antiretroviral therapy was 23%.
But, in addition to this problem, there are still social problems associated with HIV. Social problems such as stigma and discrimination that arise from lack of information about HIV/AIDS and insufficient government support. People think that AIDS is scary because they were born into a society that was terrified of AIDS. In the early years of the epidemic, HIV was actually equivalent to death, because... the virus was detected only at the stage of AIDS. Therefore, the diagnosis caused blind fear and a feeling of complete helplessness. The history of AIDS has also contributed to the spread of discrimination, as the first cases of AIDS were identified among homosexuals, injection drug users, and commercial sex workers. Therefore, in the eyes of ordinary people, AIDS, and, consequently, HIV infection, looked like a disease of “bad people”. Stigma and discrimination in the context of HIV/AIDS are one of the main obstacles to the prevention and treatment of HIV infection. HIV-positive people live in the community, have families, work in various professions, and children with HIV go to school. Naturally, in such a situation, additional efforts are required to educate the population in order, on the one hand, to enable every person to live normally and enjoy all the rights of a citizen of their country, and on the other hand, to prevent new infections.
The HIV/AIDS problem leads to an economic problem. The spread of AIDS has an impact on economic activities, for example, the death of members who accept the family budget hits the economy. Diseases and death from AIDS reduce the labor productivity of peoples, increase the costs of treating peoples, reduce savings and savings of the people, and reduce investments in labor capital. A lot of money is also spent on the fight against HIV/AIDS itself. According to the Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS), from 1996 to 2009, global spending on fighting the disease increased from $300 million to $15.9 billion per year. The main sources of funds are government funding, international assistance and private donations. International assistance in 2009 accounted for $7.6 billion (a year earlier, $7.7 billion), of which $5.9 billion was provided on a bilateral basis, $1.7 billion through international organizations. Among donor countries, the United States is the leader, having allocated $4.4 billion to other countries (58% of all contributions). Other major donors are the UK ($779 million), Germany ($397.9 million) and the Netherlands ($381.9 million). The largest recipients are low-income countries, where 71% of all HIV-infected people live: Uganda, Nigeria, Rwanda and others.
On World AIDS Day 2014, UNAIDS launched Project 90-90-90 to bridge the gap between those infected and those cured. The “90-90-90” project, which is planned to be implemented by 2020, includes: 90% of people living with HIV who know their HIV status; 90% of people who know about their HIV-positive status and are under treatment; and 90% of people on treatment achieving viral load suppression. Achieving this goal requires the joint efforts of many people. UNAIDS was created by six agencies (UNICEF, UNDP, UNFPA, UNESCO, WHO and the World Bank) to coordinate the fight against HIV/AIDS and support the efforts of governments and societies to combat the epidemic. UNAIDS leads, strengthens and supports global efforts to respond to the epidemic. She advocates a comprehensive approach that covers multiple areas of this fight, including women's and children's health, education, improving legislation, drug control and harm reduction, supporting the socio-economic development of countries and territories and resource mobilization.
WHO, collaborating with UNAIDS, works to prevent people from becoming infected with HIV - promoting behavior change to reduce the risk of HIV infection; expands access to prevention tools; supports programs to prevent mother-to-child transmission of HIV; promotes the formation of safe blood supplies and the prevention of HIV transmission in health care settings; evaluates new prevention technologies; expands access to treatment; provides the best possible care to people with HIV/AIDS and their families; increases access to and participation in HIV testing and counseling so that people know their HIV status; strengthens health systems so that they can provide quality and sustainable HIV/AIDS programs and services; and improves HIV/AIDS information systems, including surveillance, monitoring, evaluation and operational research.
Another international organization that collaborates with UNAIDS, the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), helps improve the quality of health care for HIV-infected women and children. It supports young people in learning important life skills such as critical thinking, which helps protect them from infection. UNICEF also supports youth-friendly services, including providing access to voluntary counseling and testing. The greatest attention is paid to at-risk youth who have the most difficulty accessing these types of services. The UN Children's Fund supports programs for children and youth living with HIV to ensure they receive quality treatment and care. It also develops and implements measures to protect such children from social stigma and discrimination. UNICEF's regional HIV/AIDS strategy includes three areas: HIV prevention among adolescents and young people; prevention of mother-to-child transmission of the virus; protection and support for children and parents living with HIV. UNICEF is working with governments, civil society and other partners to ensure that every country in the region develops a national HIV/AIDS policy that clearly outlines the roles of each agency and organization, civil society and young people themselves in HIV prevention.
The approach proposed by UNAIDS emphasizes the need to focus on countries, cities and communities most affected by HIV, and recommends concentrating resources in areas where impact is greatest. This approach highlights the need for specific interventions in the 30 countries that together account for 89% of new HIV infections worldwide. Implementing national responses using this approach in the 30 countries will require broad mobilization of human resources, institutional and strategic international partners, and commitment from national and international funding sources. It also highlights the importance of treating people most affected by HIV as key to ending the AIDS epidemic, as well as ensuring access to HIV services for those who need them most.
Conclusion.
As you know, the problem of HIV/AIDS is serious - it affects social activities, the economy of one state, human rights, the destruction of family happiness, therefore close cooperation of international and national institutions in this area is required. UNAIDS, UNICEF and WHO are working to meet the challenges of combating HIV/AIDS around the world. Its projects include reducing the number of new HIV infections in one year by more than 75%, to 500,000 in 2020, and achieving zero discrimination. Thanks to intensive efforts, HIV is now less deadly than before. Therefore, we can say that the fight against AIDS has almost come to an end. But special attention must be paid to reducing the gap between those infected and those cured. Although there is no cure for HIV infection, people receive antiretroviral drugs and can control the virus. But the availability of antiretroviral drugs varies greatly between rich and poor countries. If people in poor countries can receive ART on the same basis as people in rich countries, then people living with HIV around the world can have healthy and productive lives.
List of sources and literature:
Towards Goal Zero: UNAIDS Strategy 2011–2015.
Global report: UNAIDS Report on the global AIDS epidemic 2013
Report on the global response to HIV/AIDS // WHO, UNICEF, UNAIDS. 30.11.2011
Fact Sheet No. 360. WHO. 2013
Fact Sheet No. 18. UNAIDS. 2013
Maly V.P., HIV/AIDS The latest medical reference book. M: Eksmo, 2009
Draft WHO HIV/AIDS strategy 2011–2015, Executive Board. 12/23/2010
Fast track: ending the AIDS epidemic by 2030. UNAIDS. 2014
Millennium Development Goal 6: http://www.who.int/topics/millennium_development_goals/diseases/en/
Global summary of the HIV/AIDS epidemic, December 2013: http://www.who.int/hiv/data/epi_core_dec2014.png?ua=1
80. GLOBAL PROBLEMS OF MODERN TIME AND WAYS TO SOLUTION THEM
The main factor in global development in recent years has been the emergence of a number of acute problems that are widespread throughout the planet and affect any person. They are called global.
Global problems are problems that affect the vital interests of all humanity and for the solution of which coordinated international actions are required on the scale of the world community.
The impact of these problems on the life of society is very great, the planet’s capabilities are limited, which can lead humanity to a catastrophic situation:
1) the problem of nuclear war. A large number of nuclear warheads have been accumulated on earth; enormous amounts of money and natural resources are spent on military weapons;
2) the problem is environmental. The environment is in a threatening state: predatory destruction of natural resources, destruction of entire forests, increasing ozone holes, problems with clean water and air - all this leads to climate change throughout the planet;
3) the problem of overcoming dangerous diseases of humanity. Nowadays, the issue of AIDS, the spread of drug addiction, alcoholism, cancer and viral diseases is becoming more and more urgent;
4) food problem. This is mainly a problem of underdeveloped countries lagging behind in socio-economic terms;
5) the problem is demographic. As you know, in our country the mortality rate exceeds the birth rate, the number of elderly people is growing compared to the young. The population is aging.
No less important global problems are: the peaceful use of space, preserving the cleanliness of waters and oceans, preserving the culture of mankind, the values that have been accumulated throughout the history of mankind, protecting people’s health from the effects of scientific and technological progress.
The emergence of global problems indicates the strengthening of relationships between peoples and turns humanity into a kind of system that directs its efforts to solving these problems.
Solving each global problem separately is complicated by the fact that there are close relationships between them.
The reasons for the exacerbation of global problems in the modern world are the chaotic development of the economy, the uneconomical use of natural resources, the economic race of countries, and the emergence of a wide variety of modern technology.
Global problems can be resolved through the interaction of international movements, associations, and institutions.
The UN plays an important role in solving problems. (UNEP - environmental conservation, IAEA - control of the use of nuclear energy.) The principles of international relations are fixed here (non-interference in the affairs of other states, peaceful resolution of international disputes, etc.).
These problems specifically in our country can be solved by the correct economic policy of the state, the rational use of natural resources, educating people about various diseases (anti-drug programs, promoting safe sex, healthy lifestyles), changing the demographic situation in the country with the help of an economic incentive (the “Providing housing for young families"), preservation of cultural property and financing of its maintenance in museums.
AIDS. Problems and solutions
Abstract on the topic AIDS. Problems and solutions
Definition and terminology . Human immune deficiency virus infection (HIV infection) is a new disease transmitted primarily through sexual contact. A feature of this infection is the increasing suppression of immunity, primarily cellular, which determines the striking originality of its evolution and clinical picture. Clinical characteristics and laboratory changes fully develop in the final stage of the disease, a stage known as acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). This stage provides the greatest opportunities for recognizing HIV infection, and the history of the study of this infection begins with the study of its final stage.
The pathogenesis of HIV infection is based on an increasing defect in immunity, especially cellular immunity, due to lymphopenia, combined with the functional failure of lymphocytic cells and their altered polyclonal activation. These changes are especially pronounced in the final stages of the disease, i.e., with AIDS. Lymphopenia occurs mainly as a result of lysis of T-helper cells, the main target of the damaging effects of HIV.
initial stage developing in approximately half of the infected people, it occurs acutely, like infectious mononucleosis. This stage occurs 2 to 4 weeks after infection, lasts from 3 to 14 days, followed by spontaneous regression, accompanied by the formation of antibodies to HIV. Clinical manifestations: headache, malaise, general weakness, increased sweating, arthralgia, myalgia, fever, sore throat, pharyngitis, generalized lymphadenopathy, hepatolienal syndrome, diarrhea. Epileptiform seizures are possible. Skin lesions are represented by numerous pale pink spots of round and oval shape, scattered over the entire surface, ranging in size from the circumference of a pinhead to a lentil or more. Lymphopenia is characteristic.
Asymptomatic stage, or virus carrier stage, is not accompanied by any clinical manifestations. Its recognition is possible only in the laboratory: isolating the virus, determining the antigen and antibodies to it, and studying immune parameters.
Acquired immune deficiency syndrome - the final stage of HIV infection - manifests itself as fatal complications in the form of severe, usually multiple opportunistic infections and various neoplasms. According to the predominance of symptoms in the clinical picture, according to WHO recommendations, 4 types of the disease can be distinguished; pulmonary, neurological, gastrointestinal, febrile.
Criteria for recognizing HIV infection. Recognizing HIV infection, especially in the early stages, is very difficult. The doctor must first of all be wary of this infection and remember its inexorable spread in our society. A diagnostic program for HIV infection should include 3 main parts.
5 HIV/AIDS and youth: problems and solutions
In July 2002, the report “Youth and HIV/AIDS: Opportunity and Crisis” was published, which revealed the alarming fact that although most people become sexually active during adolescence, a significant proportion of young people around the world do not understand how HIV is transmitted and how to protect yourself from it. Developed by the United Nations Children's Fund, the Joint United Nations Program on AIDS and the World Health Organization, this report is the first detailed study of the behavior and knowledge of youth 15-24 years old in relation to the AIDS epidemic.
According to the executive director of the UN Children's Fund, Carol Bellamy, there are two interrelated trends that largely determine the development of the HIV/AIDS epidemic. First, young people are having sex, and the world must recognize this fact as a prerequisite for creating effective prevention programs. Secondly, young people do not have sufficient knowledge to protect themselves. The tragic consequence of this is that a disproportionate number of young people become victims of HIV. .
As Peter Piot, director of the Joint United Nations Program on AIDS, said, “It is clear that young people do not have the information or tools necessary to protect themselves from HIV. Every day, 6 thousand young people become infected with HIV. Each of these cases is preventable. Prevention is inexpensive and accessible; only $8 per year is enough for one school graduate. In every country where the number of new HIV infections has decreased, the most tangible results have been achieved among young people.”
The UN report made a number of alarming conclusions:
— young people do not have sufficient information about HIV/AIDS;
— in many countries with a high number of HIV-positive boys and girls, they begin sexual activity before reaching the age of 15.
The report identifies 10 measures that should become part of preventive work with young people in all countries:
— put an end to the silence about the AIDS problem and prejudices in its coverage;
— provide young people with information;
— equip young people with the life skills necessary to apply the acquired knowledge in practice;
— create youth-oriented services;
— develop voluntary and confidential HIV testing and counseling on HIV/AIDS issues;
— work with young people, encourage their participation in preventive activities;
— involve young people living with HIV/AIDS in their work;
- create a supportive environment;
— reach young people most at risk;
— strengthen cooperation, celebrate successes. .
According to research, modern Russian youth begin to live sexually earlier and often change partners.
It has been established that by the age of 24, approximately half of sexually active young people become infected with an STI at least once, because they do not know how, and sometimes do not want to use protective equipment.
These factors increase the likelihood of rapid spread of HIV infection among adolescents.
A survey of Moscow high school students conducted as part of the “Useful Vaccination” program dedicated to the prevention of HIV/AIDS in 2004 showed:
— 2/3 of teenagers regularly drink alcohol;
- a third of 16-17 year olds have experience of sexual activity;
- 60% of them began sexual activity at the age of 14-15;
- only a third of adolescents at the time of the survey had one sexual partner, the rest - two or more%;
— A third used alcohol or drugs before their last sexual intercourse;
— 15% did not use a condom during their last sexual intercourse.
With the spread of HIV infection, young people have become more vulnerable to HIV. This is confirmed by statistics: 80% of people with HIV are young people from 15 to 29 years old. Rising youth unemployment further aggravates this situation. A young man who finds himself unemployed is in a crisis situation and becomes a potential client of risky behavior groups. All this makes us pay attention to unemployed youth. .
The problem of AIDS in Kazakhstan
Checked by: Sataeva L.G.
HIV (Immunodeficiency Virus
Human) is a virus that
attacks and destroys
human immune system natural defense system
AIDS is the ultimate
stage of HIV infection when
World AIDS Day
how at the meeting of health ministers
of all countries there was a call for social
tolerance and increased exchange of information on
HIV/AIDS, was proposed by D.V.Bunn.
Organized efforts are aimed at
strengthening public support for programs
prevention of the spread of HIV/AIDS, to
organization of training and provision
information on all aspects of HIV/AIDS.
Symbol of the fight against AIDS
is a red ribbon, neither
one action in this area is not
is getting along without it now. This
ribbon as a symbol
understanding of AIDS was
conceived in the spring of 1991. Her
the idea belongs to the artist
5. Routes of transmission of the HIV virus
sexual contact with
person. Sperm and
fluid in female genitalia
organs contains a large
amount of HIV virus
mother to child:
During pregnancy;
Through milk, with
6. Morbidity statistics
In Kazakhstan, the first case of HIV infection was registered in
If in 2001 the proportion of HIV-infected patients who applied
for inpatient care was 25.7%, and for outpatient care
treatment - 46%, then over the last three years the number of people seeking treatment
medical care increased by 1.5 times.
According to statistics based on the registration of identified cases,
as of January 1, 2006, the cumulative number of registered HIV-infected people was 5,657 people, of which 743
died, including from AIDS - 281.
HIV-positive and AIDS patients in the country amounted to 19,498
In November 2013, 195 new HIV carriers were registered, while during the same period in 2012 – 172. In general,
In January-November of this year, 2,007 new ones were identified in Kazakhstan
carriers of HIV infection, in the same period in 2012 - 1892.
7. Dynamics of the spread of HIV infection
Over 5 years there has been an increase
total number of HIV-infected people in 2
Dynamics of case registration
infections by year, including among
prisoners, 1987-2008 In the Republic of Kazakhstan
100 thousand population of the Republic of Kazakhstan as of 01/01/2012
12. Who has AIDS?
75.5% falls on regular consumers
injection drugs (IDU),
76% are men,
62% - persons aged 15-29 years,
30% are HIV-infected people in correctional facilities
HIV infection was detected in 22 children infected from their mothers in
period of pregnancy, childbirth and breastfeeding.
In recent years, transmission registrations have been steadily increasing
HIV through sexual contact, which accounts for the majority of first-time
registered cases in 2005 accounted for 25% (in 2001
year - 5%)); At the same time, the proportion of HIV-infected women in the structure increased again
of registered cases (from 19% in 2001 to 28% in 2005
13. Structure of identified cases of HIV infection by population in the Republic of Kazakhstan (2008 N = 2335)
INFECTIONS BY CONTENTS IN THE RK
14. Treatment of HIV-infected people from the economic side
There is low coverage of people with HIV treatment in the country,
the reason for this is insufficient spectrum
affordable antiretroviral drugs.
International experience shows that with increasing
of the range of such drugs, the average cost
annual course of treatment per patient is reduced by
on average more than 30 times: from 10-15 thousand dollars to
300-500 US dollars. From more than 20 titles
antiretroviral drugs, with success
used to treat HIV/AIDS in the world and 12
names of antiviral drugs,
15. Availability of drugs in Kazakhstan
Only 10 are registered in Kazakhstan, in
mainly chemotherapy drugs production
branded pharmaceutical campaigns and their
appointment costs $7,500 per
year per patient, which is 10 times higher
average world prices, correspondingly high
the cost does not allow providing APT to everyone
needy patients. Of 10 titles
only three are affordable generics
antiviral drugs (zidovudine,
lamivudine and nevirapine).
16. Decree of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan dated December 5, 2000 N 1808 “On the Concept of State Policy on
CONCEPTS OF STATE POLICY ON
COUNTERING THE AIDS EPIDEMIC
and objectives of the Program
Stabilize HIV prevalence at
concentrated stage without allowing it
transition to the generalized stage.
Reduce recruitment of vulnerable to
regarding HIV infection groups
population with new faces from among the youth.
Provide at least 80% of people living with
HIV, medical and social
programs that reduce their level
17. Program to combat the AIDS epidemic in the Republic of Kazakhstan for 2006-2010.
TO COUNTER THE AIDS EPIDEMIC
IN THE REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN FOR 2006-2010.
1994 "On the prevention and treatment of HIV infection and
AIDS" citizens of the Republic of Kazakhstan have the right to
free drug provision, outpatient and
inpatient care. Program to counter
AIDS epidemic in the Republic of Kazakhstan for 2001-2005,
approved by resolution of the Government of the Republic
provide at least 80% of people with HIV in need with antiviral treatment. However, HIV/AIDS is a disease that depends not only on the system
healthcare, and primarily from the socio-economic potential of the state. Because of
limited resources, financial resources for treatment
allocated, first of all, to the priority group
population for HIV - positive pregnant women and
18. Sources and amounts of financing
From the republican budget - 47.264 million.
tenge, including for 2002 - 5.4 million tenge; for 2003 12.943 million tenge; for 2004 - 11.015 million tenge; for 2005
year - 11.015 million tenge. For healthcare sectors 15.668 million tenge, Ministry of Justice - 17.601 million.
tenge, Ministry of Defense - 12.805 million tenge,
Ministry of Education and Science - 1,190 million tenge
Funding from local budgets in the amount
358.483 million tenge, including 80.547 million for 2002.
tenge; for 2003 - 92.645 million tenge; for 2004 - 92,646
million tenge; for 2005 - 92.645 million tenge.
Additional funds raised - 22441.908 million.
19. Measures to reduce the level of infectiousness of people living with HIV
LEVEL OF CONTAGIOUSNESS OF PEOPLE,
For people living with HIV, there are
psychological support programs, they
are invited to participate in programs
free provision of condoms,
exchange of syringes and needles.
He doesn't choose his victims. He doesn't care if you're black or white, young
or old, beautiful or not very good,
poor or rich. Where is he going
comes, comes there later
21. List of used literature:
Government Program dated September 14, 2001 N 1207
“PROGRAM TO COUNTER THE AIDS EPIDEMIC IN
Global problems of humanity: example, solutions
Global problems of humanity affect our planet as a whole. Therefore, all peoples and states are engaged in solving them. This term appeared in the late 60s of the XX century. Currently, there is a special scientific branch that studies and solves global problems of humanity. It is called global studies.
Scientific specialists from various fields work in this area: biologists, soil scientists, chemists, physicists, and geologists. And this is no coincidence, because the global problems of humanity are complex in nature and their emergence does not depend on any one factor. On the contrary, it is very important to take into account the economic, political, and social changes taking place in the world. Life on the planet in the future depends on how correctly the modern global problems of humanity are solved.
You need to know: some of them have existed for a long time, others, quite “young”, are associated with the fact that people began to negatively impact the world around them. Because of this, for example, environmental problems of mankind have arisen. They can be called the main difficulties of modern society. Although the problem of environmental pollution itself appeared a long time ago. All varieties interact with each other. Often one problem provokes another.
Sometimes it happens that global problems of humanity can be solved and completely gotten rid of them. First of all, this concerns epidemics that threatened the lives of people all over the planet and led to their mass death, but then they were stopped, for example, with the help of an invented vaccine. At the same time, completely new problems appear that were previously unknown to society, or existing ones grow to a global level, for example, depletion of the ozone layer. The cause of their occurrence is human activity. The problem of environmental pollution allows us to see this very clearly. But in other cases, the tendency of people to influence the misfortunes that happen to them and threaten their existence is clearly visible. So, what problems of humanity that have planetary significance exist?
It is caused by daily environmental pollution and depletion of earth and water reserves. All these factors together can accelerate the onset of environmental disaster. Man considers himself the king of nature, but at the same time does not strive to preserve it in its original form. This is also hampered by industrialization, which is proceeding at a rapid pace. Negatively affecting its habitat, humanity destroys it and does not think about it. It is not for nothing that pollution standards have been developed and are regularly exceeded. As a result, humanity's environmental problems may become irreversible. To avoid this, we must pay attention to the preservation of flora and fauna, and try to preserve the biosphere of our planet. And for this it is necessary to make production and other human activities more environmentally friendly so that the impact on the environment is less aggressive.
Demographic problem
The world's population is growing rapidly. And although the “population explosion” has already subsided, the problem still remains. The situation with food and natural resources is deteriorating. Their stocks are decreasing. At the same time, the negative impact on the environment is increasing, and it is impossible to cope with unemployment and poverty. Difficulties arise with education and healthcare. The UN has taken upon itself the solution to global problems of this nature. The organization created a special plan. One of its points is the family planning program.
After the creation of a nuclear bomb, the population tries to avoid the consequences of its use. For this purpose, non-aggression and disarmament treaties are signed between countries. Laws are being adopted to ban nuclear arsenals and stop the arms trade. The presidents of leading states hope in this way to avoid the outbreak of the Third World War, as a result of which, as they suspect, all life on Earth could be destroyed.
Food problem
In some countries, the population is experiencing food shortages. Residents of Africa and other third countries of the world suffer especially from hunger. To solve this problem, two options have been created. The first is aimed at ensuring that pastures, fields, and fishing areas gradually increase their area. If you follow the second option, you should not increase the territory, but increase the productivity of existing ones. For this purpose, the latest biotechnologies, methods of land reclamation, and mechanization are being developed. High-yielding plant varieties are being created.
Despite the active development of medicine, the emergence of new vaccines and drugs, humanity continues to get sick. Moreover, many diseases threaten the lives of the population. Therefore, in our time, the development of treatment methods is actively underway. Modern substances are created in laboratories for effective immunization of the population. Unfortunately, the most dangerous diseases of the 21st century - oncology and AIDS - remain incurable.
Ocean problem
Recently, this resource has not only been actively researched, but also used for the needs of humanity. Experience shows that it can provide food, natural resources, and energy. The ocean is a trade route that helps restore communication between countries. At the same time, its reserves are used unevenly, and military operations are ongoing on its surface. In addition, it serves as a base for the disposal of waste, including radioactive waste. Humanity is obliged to preserve the riches of the World Ocean, avoid pollution, and rationally use its gifts.
This space belongs to all humanity, which means that all peoples must use their scientific and technical potential to explore it. For deep space exploration, special programs are created that use all modern achievements in this field.
People know that if these problems do not go away, the planet may die. But why do many people not want to do anything, hoping that everything will disappear and “dissolve” by itself? Although, in truth, such inaction is better than the active destruction of nature, pollution of forests, water bodies, destruction of animals and plants, especially rare species.
It is impossible to understand the behavior of such people. It would not hurt them to think about the fact that their children and grandchildren will have to live, if, of course, it is still possible, on a dying planet. You shouldn’t count on anyone being able to rid the world of difficulties in a short time. Global problems of humanity can only be solved together if all of humanity makes an effort. The threat of destruction in the near future should not be frightening. It is best if it can stimulate the potential inherent in each of us.
Don’t think that it’s difficult to cope with the world’s problems alone. This makes it seem like it is useless to act, and thoughts of powerlessness in the face of difficulties appear. The point is to join forces and help at least your city prosper. Solve small problems of your habitat. And when every person on Earth begins to have such responsibility towards themselves and their country, large-scale, global problems will also be solved.
HIV as a global problem for humanity
The HIV problem is viewed from several angles. The social aspects of the virus are not only a medical component. To combat a dangerous disease and protect the rights of those infected, moral, ethical and sanitary-epidemiological aspects are also taken as a basis. In order to understand their relevance and role in countering the spread of the disease, each of them should be considered separately. What is the essence of the AIDS problem and what measures are being taken to eliminate it?
The problem of the spread of AIDS: main difficulties and solutions
In the modern world, the main problems of AIDS are considered precisely from the point of view of increasing the growth rate of its spread. The number of infected people in most countries is growing every year. Russia is far from last in terms of the number of people infected with a dangerous virus. Today, about five hundred thousand AIDS patients are officially registered in our country. However, there are much more people who have not been diagnosed with this disease, as well as those who have not sought medical help. The relevance of the AIDS problem in this regard is extremely high. After all, if the epidemic danger is not eliminated, then in ten years the number of infected people may increase several times and reach six to eight million. This terrifying figure makes us think that HIV infection is a global problem that can affect any person. After all, this dangerous disease has long ceased to be considered a disease of the marginalized. Anyone can become infected. Neither adults nor children are immune from this. After all, the routes of transmission of infection are not limited to sexual intercourse and injection drug use. The problem with HIV infection is that its spread can be caused by the negligence of medical workers in their duties. Untested donor blood and poorly sterilized instruments can cause infection. Of course, doctors are held liable for improper performance of their duties, but in such cases it is extremely rare to find the culprit.
The problem of HIV and AIDS must be resolved at the international level. That is why the UN has developed a unified program to combat this disease. The overall concept of UNISAID is designed to combat the immunodeficiency virus worldwide.
In Russia, the epidemic danger of the disease is being fought both at the federal and regional levels. The relevance of the HIV problem in our country is regularly reviewed by the Government. Measures are being taken to prevent an increase in the number of infected people. Prevention plays a special role in this issue. The problem of the spread of HIV infection lies at the heart of social activities. Schoolchildren, students, as well as the working population are regularly taught at seminars and lectures about the ways of transmission of the disease, preventive measures and ways to protect themselves and their loved ones.
HIV and AIDS as a medical and social problem: relevance, measures taken
In our country, HIV infection is considered a medical and social problem. What is its essence? First of all, we are talking about the reluctance of some people to be tested for the presence of a terrible disease. Social advertising contains the following slogans: get tested today to live tomorrow; there is nothing more stupid than being afraid to know, and so on. But their effectiveness is low. That is why AIDS as a global problem for humanity has long ago gotten out of control. It is unrealistic to determine the exact number of infected people, since people are in no hurry to get tested even if they have characteristic symptoms, and if they do, in most cases they create new problems.
This is about a reluctance to help medical professionals conduct an investigation. This is the concealment of information about from whom the infected person could have received a terrible disease, as well as about who could have become infected from him. Russian legislation provides for liability for concealing such information, but it is small. This is an administrative fine from 500 to 5000 rubles. Such urgent problems of HIV infection lead primarily to an increase in the epidemic danger. Civil awareness in this matter would be a good help in identifying more infected people with the possibility of their further registration. This means that the risk of uncontrolled spread of the virus among the population could be significantly reduced.
HIV infection as a social problem in medicine also affects another side. We are talking about the lack of specialized centers designed to combat a dangerous disease. They are located, as a rule, in large regional cities. But since Russia is a huge country, not all infected people from small settlements and regional cities have the opportunity to visit AIDS centers. The relevance of the problem of HIV infection in this regard is extremely high. After all, registration for the immunodeficiency virus is possible only in specialized institutions. There, the patient receives the necessary medical care, antiretroviral therapy and, if necessary, psychological support. It is planned to solve such AIDS problems in Russia through the opening of branches of specialized centers in the regions. Their functions are partially taken over by private foundations, but no one gives an exact time frame for getting out of the current situation.
Ethical problems of AIDS: what do people think about this terrible disease?
Few people think about the fact that AIDS is a social problem. But, at the same time, this diagnosis is a kind of label, or even a stigma. Infected people are feared, despised, and only in rare cases are they pitied. From this we can conclude that the basis of the moral and ethical problems of AIDS is misunderstanding. And this is extremely scary for a person who is faced with a dangerous diagnosis. But what is much worse in such cases is misunderstanding on the part of loved ones and relatives. There are often situations when the infected person was simply kicked out of the house by relatives, wives and husbands filed for divorce, tried to take away their children, without thinking about the fact that the infection is not always to blame for an immoral lifestyle. This is a complete disaster for any person. And if at such a moment the patient seriously thinks about taking his own life, then the situation may be aggravated by suicide. Such cases are also not rare.
The moral problems of AIDS patients also lie in insufficient information about the terrible disease. If a person, having learned about the diagnosis, goes to the AIDS center on the recommendation of a doctor from the clinic, he, of course, in addition to medical care, will also receive moral and psychological support. They will also explain to him that the immunodeficiency virus is not a death sentence with a count of several years. Today, the disease has been successfully maintained in an asymptomatic stage for decades. Previously, such a global problem of humanity as AIDS was aggravated by the fact that this disease was discovered at a late stage. This was due to the insufficient effectiveness of diagnostic methods. When the virus progressed to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, life expectancy was only a few years and was painful. All this is a long time ago, but many insufficiently informed people perceive the immunodeficiency virus this way.
Social problems of HIV-infected people: rights of the infected
The attitude of the population towards the problems of HIV-infected people is depressing. For the most part, people are not only wary, but also treat the infected with a great deal of contempt, not understanding that the absence of unprotected sex with them and the use of drugs from a common syringe eliminates the risk of infection, since this disease is not transmitted through household means. They don’t want to communicate with infected people, sit at the same desk, or work in the same team. But the problems of HIV-infected people are not limited to this. The worst thing is not human misunderstanding. Refusal to be admitted to a medical facility is a great danger for patients with the immunodeficiency virus. It would seem that the problem of AIDS in the 21st century should not be considered in this way, because doctors are regularly trained at seminars on how to behave with infected people and how to protect themselves from infection when working with them. But in reality it turns out differently, as evidenced by numerous stories from patients.
The modern approach to the ethical problems of AIDS and human rights in our country is to prevent discrimination against those infected. Their rights must be strictly respected. Patients with a dangerous virus are prohibited from being denied medical care or employment. Employers also cannot fire employees because they are diagnosed with a terrible illness. The main problem of HIV-infected youth is that they have problems entering not only work, but also colleges and universities. Human rights must be respected in this case as well. The administration of higher educational institutions and colleges should not prevent young people from doing this.
HIV-infected people face a number of psychological difficulties, and problems associated with the disease are added to everyday ones. The awareness that you are a carrier of a dangerous and lethal virus is a serious stress factor that affects the main areas of a person’s life: physical, social and psychological (emotional). On the physical level, pain, stomach upset, skin diseases and sleep disturbances may appear. On the emotional level - depression, despair, anger, loss of self-esteem. On the social (public) level - problems in communicating with family and friends, as well as the desire to avoid other people, refusal of any kind of activity. Infected people should receive comprehensive care that targets the underlying problems at these three levels.
Awareness of the fact of illness leads to a personal crisis and a collapse of faith in basic human values, a painful search for answers to the questions of existence: “Will I survive and does anyone need me? Am I worth anything? What is the meaning of my existence? Conventional measures to overcome anxiety and fear of death are lacking. To overcome the crisis, all personal development data are used. Every person in crisis really needs the presence of other people. Swedish scientist Elizabeth Kubler-Ross has identified six stages of crisis response. Now we will try to give a general idea of them.
Reality disappears from under your feet. A person may seem calm on the outside, but inside he has to cope with a chaotic stream of thoughts. Typically, this stage begins from the moment a person first learns that he is HIV-infected. It is very important not to leave him alone, to be with him, to talk calmly, without hostility, without criticizing, to encourage him to speak. Health care providers should spend more time talking to the patient about his diagnosis to make sure he understands the test results, answer any questions he has, find out what he plans to do in the next few hours, and briefly discuss options for help.
2. Denial
A person, recovering from shock, cannot believe that all this is happening to him. “This is impossible, this is some kind of mistake” - this is what they usually hear from an HIV-infected person. It happens that patients undergo new tests under different names and follow doctors. Denial is a temporary defense that allows you to accumulate energy, both physical and emotional. It will be needed to cope with the feeling of anxiety that has arisen due to the threat to life. The denial stage can be dangerous in cases of complete denial lasting a long period, and in cases of patient refusal of treatment and doctor's advice.
After the shock there follows a period when denial becomes impossible. It is replaced by anger, anger and dissatisfaction. An infected person asks himself and the people around him: “Why me? What I've done? Why am I worse than others? Anger is expressed in everything. It can be directed at loved ones, at health workers, at authorities. It can be expressed not only through dissatisfaction and complaints, but also through the very perception of people around. At this stage, the patient will insist that everything is bad, no one knows anything, no one wants to help, and everyone is intentionally causing harm. Tolerance and empathy are very important at this stage. Relief will come after someone listens to all the patient's reproaches, allows him to be angry and reacts calmly, without hostility. If possible, you should help the patient understand the real reason for his anger.
4. Overcoming
Attempts to make a deal and change the situation follow stages of shock, denial and anger. The patient promises to change his behavior, to do something, to be virtuous if he gets better and no longer feels pain. Most often, patients try to make a deal with God, but some people do not have a specific addressee. It is very important to listen to their reflections, which usually indicate a developed sense of guilt. Infected people feel guilty about their previous behavior and view HIV as a punishment for their lives. Feelings of guilt are usually strongly expressed. The result is depression, which has a devastating effect on human life. Help should be aimed at reducing feelings of guilt and convincing the patient that the disease is not a punishment. Specialists in communicating with the patient should encourage him to choose a productive and full life.
5. Depression
When an infected person finds out his diagnosis, he feels depressed, sad, fears for the future, fear of being rejected and being left alone. Depression is usually exacerbated by low self-esteem. Mostly, patients are afraid of the consequences of the disease: possible illnesses, loneliness and people’s reactions. Depression usually subsides after addressing the underlying causes of anxiety and finding ways to ensure that health care, financial resources, social circles, and support from loved ones are available after the patient is no longer able to care for them.
6. Acceptance
If a person has enough time, if the necessary help is provided and, most importantly, if he is not interfered with, he reaches a state where the diagnosis and its awareness no longer cause either anger or depression. It becomes easier, a person begins to respect and value himself again, interests and the desire to communicate return.
It's amazing how much a person's personality and life can change for the better when faced with a terminal illness. The quality of life improves especially in those patients who were able to rediscover the meaning of life and its values. They try to spend their time usefully and not miss out on emerging alternatives. It is important that doctors, psychologists and psychotherapists collaborate with each other when providing care to people living with HIV, and also involve family members and loved ones in this process, providing them with the necessary information on physical and psychological issues related to HIV and supporting them.
The most vulnerable segments of the population need the necessary social support.
We also studied a short interview conducted among HIV-infected people. The majority of HIV-infected people noted that with the advent of this disease they have new problems that they are not able to solve on their own and therefore they need help. The problem is compounded by the fact that almost half of PLHIV do not have a regular source of income.
HIV-infected people identified their main needs as: provision of food, employment, treatment, access to drugs necessary for the treatment of HIV/AIDS and improvement of living conditions. It should be noted that women, compared to men, have greater needs for food, treatment and improved housing conditions.
Of the total number of HIV-infected people, only half of them noted that they had received any help over the past six months. In terms of gender, women (60.5%) receive more help than men (42.6%). Of the total number of respondents, 24.7% of PLHIV noted that they receive psychological help or are provided with counseling.
Also, 17.5% of respondents from among PLHIV indicated that they received free condoms. 16.5% of respondents receive support in the form of free medical care. HIV-infected injection drug users noted that they received free disposable syringes (11.3%). Information booklets, leaflets and brochures are also one of the types of assistance to HIV-infected people, from which they receive the necessary information regarding HIV infection and AIDS (9.3%). 16.5% of respondents from among PLHIV noted assistance received in the form of a food package. However, this support was noted mainly by women (25%), which may be due to the provision of these packages to women under other programs not related to the prevention and treatment of HIV infection.
Table 1. Types of assistance
Of those HIV-infected people who noted that they receive help, it turned out that they are provided with this help mainly by city and district AIDS Centers (52.8%) and non-governmental organizations working with HIV-infected people (31, 9%). It should be noted that financial and technical assistance to NGOs working with HIV-infected people is provided by international organizations. The assistance provided to HIV-infected people by friends, work colleagues, and medical organizations is insignificant.
Table 2. Individuals and organizations providing assistance to HIV-infected people
Despite the fact that the level of awareness of HIV-infected people about specially provided services is very low, nevertheless, a large number of PLHIV (85.6%) know that antiretroviral therapy is provided free of charge in Russia. It should be noted that the level of knowledge about antiretroviral therapy is the same among both men and women. Of the total number of HIV-infected people, more than 14% noted that they had not heard of this treatment method.
Of the number of people living with HIV and having information about the provision of ARV therapy in Russia, only 46.1% applied for this procedure: men - 37.3% and women - 57.9%. The remaining 53.9% do not see the need to undergo this procedure and do not believe that it will help them in any way.
When providing assistance, it is important not to interfere with a person with HIV infection to go through all phases of the crisis, not to rush him. You just have to be there, showing your participation, care and willingness to help. These problems and the behavior of the infected person are defense mechanisms that help to survive in such difficult circumstances. They can last longer or shorter, replace each other or exist separately. Only hope remains at all stages. Infected people hope to survive and recover. This hope helps to cope with pain, gives spiritual strength and helps to see meaning in suffering, to understand that pain has its own reasons. Supporting this hope is our public duty and honor in communicating with HIV-infected people. Through this communication we can improve our knowledge.
The diagnosis of HIV infection means the presence of the human immunodeficiency virus in the blood, which may not be accompanied by any changes in health status for many years, however, the very knowledge of the presence of HIV infection in the body almost always leads to changes in a person’s life. Currently, there are about 1 million HIV patients in Russia. The situation with the treatment of HIV-positive citizens in Russia is catastrophic. According to the World Health Organization, in Russia, out of 50 thousand people in need of HIV/AIDS treatment, 1,500 people (3%) receive therapy. The rest are doomed to die, although the use of modern methods of antiretroviral therapy makes it possible to prolong the life of HIV-infected patients by decades. In developed countries, the press conference participants emphasized, HIV is already considered a manageable chronic disease, not a fatal one. The peculiarity of this diagnosis is that it is associated with many social and psychological problems, internal crises, stress, difficulties in interpersonal relationships such as fear of transmitting the virus to a sexual partner; problems with the ability to have children, since there is a risk of transmission of the virus from mother to child; negative attitude towards HIV-infected people in society, etc. All this affects the quality of life, relationships with others and the attitude towards oneself and is not always clear to people who are not personally affected by the problem of HIV/AIDS.
Psychological problems
People living with HIV often have to deal with social and psychological problems long before they need medical help. It is very important to pay special attention to solving these problems. The emotional well-being of HIV-positive people requires no less serious attention than the physical well-being. Learning to live with HIV is a difficult task; it requires a lot of strength, as well as support and assistance from loved ones and specialists.
Most people living with HIV go through difficult periods in their lives, which are characterized by depression, anxiety, fear, sleep disturbances, nightmares, difficulty concentrating, feelings of helplessness, hopelessness, and thoughts of death. These and other emotional crises interfere with taking care of your health and sometimes lead to mistakes that are difficult to correct. During a crisis, a person faces several problems at once and does not see a way out of the current situation. In this state, it is difficult for him to understand even his own feelings and desires. There are several periods during which people living with HIV are particularly vulnerable to crisis.
Getting a diagnosis. When most people first receive a diagnosis of HIV infection, they experience severe shock. Then they are faced with the question of how their future life will turn out, how long it will last and how all this will affect the people close to them. There is no “correct” reaction to this diagnosis: everyone perceives it differently. Many are overcome by anger, depression, despair, and fear for themselves and their loved ones. Some people think about suicide at first. Others, on the contrary, are absolutely calm. Often a person does not believe his diagnosis at first. Most people who learn about their HIV status are forced to reconsider their ideas about their own lives.
The appearance of the first painful symptoms. Often these manifestations are not related to HIV infection, but an HIV-infected person may perceive them as symptoms of the development of the disease. Until this moment, a person only knew about the presence of the virus, now HIV becomes visible to him, and the symptoms become proof of the diagnosis.
The need to take medications regularly. Most people with HIV infection are young people who have no previous experience of taking daily medications. Some of them are frightened by the thought of the inability of the immune system to fight the virus on its own, others are frightened by the complexity of taking medications and the possibility of side effects.
Serious painful symptoms. Painful symptoms in themselves are a difficult test for a person, and many HIV-infected people cannot get used to the fact that their lives will be associated with pain and medications, and constant seeking medical help will force them to change or quit their jobs or stop studying.
Serious illness or death of an HIV-infected acquaintance. The loss of a loved one is always a hard blow. Death from AIDS is especially difficult for loved ones who themselves live with HIV infection. Thoughts about the possibility of approaching one's own death lead to serious emotional crises.
In addition, everyone may have their own crises depending on the values that are threatened due to HIV infection: study, career, personal relationships, creating or maintaining a family, favorite pastime. All these crisis situations are associated with emotional losses and deep negative experiences. A person experiences anger, despair, guilt, anxiety, and bitterness of loss. Many HIV-infected people are acutely aware of their own death and are afraid of losing physical attractiveness, health, independence, or losing friends and loved ones and being left alone. Therefore, during this period a person especially needs support, and the nature of this support determines how a person copes with his emotional state.
Social problems.
Many patients are forced to live in conditions of stigma and discrimination, even in countries with high HIV prevalence where the disease affects virtually everyone in the community.
Sick people are fired from their jobs and abandoned by their relatives and friends. For these reasons, patients begin to feel like outcasts from modern society.
A serious problem for HIV-infected people is discrimination from people around them. Thus, according to statistics, 46% of respondents believe that HIV patients should be isolated from society; 55% would transfer their child to another kindergarten (school) if they found out that there was an HIV-infected child there.
HIV carriage or AIDS have an obvious impact on the psyche and change the psychology of infected people due to the fact that today they are incurable, chronic diseases; proceed in a difficult to predict manner and for many years, are almost always accompanied by negative dependencies, and are perceived by almost any society as a negative and rejected phenomenon.
In families of HIV-infected and AIDS patients, psychological problems may arise that are characteristic of any other families, but at the same time, these problems acquire a certain specific coloring. It should be remembered that any person who is in close interaction with the carrier of a certain problem experiences its influence on his life and is codependent. Contacts with addicts force them to change habits, disrupt plans, cause fears about their loved ones with whom the addict interacts, and, finally, force them to plunge into the problem that was imposed on them. The main characteristics of codependent behavior are low self-esteem, excessive use of psychological defenses, and controlling behavior.
Inaccessibility of quality medical care, discrimination against patients, inability of the existing rights protection system to meet the real needs of people living with HIV/AIDS, insufficient funding for programs aimed at improving their quality of life.
Attention should be paid to the number of HIV-infected and AIDS-infected children, which is increasing every year. Taking into account the fact that today's HIV-infected children will not be able to ensure a healthy future for both our country and the world community as a whole, the importance of preventive measures aimed at preventing the spread of HIV/AIDS among minors increases significantly.
Thus, the socio-psychological consequences of HIV infection manifest themselves at several levels: individual, family, society. infected hiv discrimination psychological
