History and distribution of species of the genus Goldenrod. Pharmacognostic study of Caucasian goldenrod (Solidago caucasica Kem. Contraindications to the use of goldenrod

Goldenrod is a conspicuous and fragrant herb belonging to the Asteraceae family. Prefers a temperate climate and grows throughout Eurasia. The culture attracts attention with its magnificent fragrant flowers and has healing properties. In natural and home gardens, some space should be left for these wild herbaceous perennials, where they can show off their charm without the pressure of other overly tall plantings.

Goldenrod is used in landscape design. Together with shorter or taller ornamental grasses, as well as with ferns in open ground, goldenrod forms a harmonious picture. Also grown as a medicinal herb.

Goldenrod is a herb that has many synonymous names: solidago, golden rod, scrofula, ironweed, boneweed.

Caring for it is simple, but given that the plant spreads quickly throughout the area, a large plot of land is required for cultivation.

Goldenrod is a perennial cystic rhizomatous herbaceous plant. The elongated, oblong, strong root of the plant goes deep into the ground. On the surface one can see a low-branched simple shoot, up to 100 cm high. The satiny bark covers the straight stem of the goldenrod. It can be emerald or crimson in color.

The bright green leaves of the goldenrod herb are oval or ovoid in shape, with fine serrations along the edges, and saw-tooth. The lower narrow leaves are more elongated than the upper ones. The narrow leaves of goldenrod resemble the shape of willow leaves.

Common goldenrod blooms from May to September. The inflorescences consist of bell-shaped buds, lemon-colored. The length of the flowers reaches 8 mm. Bells with lemon-colored petals grow along the edges, and in the center they are distinguished by a chestnut-yellow color. The fruit formed after pollination is an achene, shaped like a cylinder with longitudinal ribs, up to 4 mm long.

Goldenrod grass is an aggressor plant: one specimen produces up to 100 thousand seeds, germination rate is 95%. In a year it can move tens of kilometers and is the rightful owner of the territories where it has settled.

Goldenrod is used in many industries. Used in veterinary medicine as an astringent. Industrially, yellow and brown paints are extracted from goldenrod. The goldenrod plant is highly valued for its beneficial properties and is used in folk medicine.

Botanical characteristics of goldenrod

Goldenrod is an exceptional perennial plant. It has a straight, strong stem up to 1 m high, longitudinal in shape, of uniform thickness, crowned with a luxurious cluster of golden flowers. Lemon-colored flowers have a delicate delicate aroma. Inflorescences are baskets. Goldenrod has alternate leaves and strong branching. Blooms from late summer to October. The goldenrod fruit is an achene shaped like a cylinder, approximately 3 mm long. Uninformed people sometimes confuse goldenrod with garden mimosa.

Types and varieties of goldenrod

More than 100 types of culture are known. Tall specimens can reach a height of up to 2 meters. There are dwarf varieties, no more than 40 centimeters in size. Let's look at several types in more detail.

Goldenrod

Goldenrod

Common goldenrod or goldenrod (Solidago virgaurea) is the best known species.

A perennial, low-growing herbaceous plant with a short, thick, hard rhizome. The stems are straight, up to 1 meter tall, usually unbranched, with leaves. Goldenrod leaves are ovoid, pointed, with notches along the edge. Compared to the narrow lower leaves, the upper ones are smaller. The flowers are tubular, lemon-colored, the inflorescence has the shape of a brush or panicle, consisting of tiny (up to 15 mm) baskets. The fruits are uneven, cylindrical achenes with a brown tuft, carried by the wind. Flowering occurs at the end of summer.

Lives in the vast expanses of Eurasia. Prefers illuminated prairies, mountain forests, clearings, and places near water bodies. The composition of goldenrod soil is medium, consisting of clay, silt, with an admixture of sand of various grain sizes. In Eastern Siberia and the Far East, closely related species grow - goldenrod (Solidago dahurica) and goldenrod (Solidago decurrens). They are similar to the main type in terms of the chemical composition of their components and are used in the field of medicine. Excellent honey plants.

Not only goldenrod, specially grown on the site, is harvested, but also wild-growing ones. The upper part of the branches with inflorescences is cut off, the raw materials are sorted, then dried. The grass is dried both in natural and artificial conditions.

Natural drying is carried out on a clear day in the open air, on pallets. At night, the grass is removed indoors or under the roof.

Hammocks made of gauze are sometimes hung to dry goldenrod. This method helps to ventilate the raw material from all sides, which speeds up the drying process. The grass is periodically turned over to dry evenly. The gas stove oven is also great for drying. The only thing is that you need to control the temperature in the oven to avoid burning the raw materials. The oven door must be opened.

Special universal dryers are also used. When drying, the rod is protected from bright sunlight, otherwise the raw material may change color, burn out, or lose its natural color.

The grass prefers dry places. Neutral soil is optimal for its growth. To independently determine the soil reaction, you can purchase test sticks and mini-laboratories, the handling of which does not require knowledge of the science of chemistry.

In addition, there are electronic soil measuring instruments in which the measured value is simply read on a scale. Anyone who wants to have information about the deficiency or excess of certain nutrients in the soil of his garden can take samples from various areas and send them to a special laboratory. In the garden, too acidic soils can be brought closer to neutral by adding carbonated lime. High lime content can be reduced by adding manure or compost, as well as peat replacement products.

If we talk about goldenrod varieties, then the Josephine (Aelita) variety is popular, growing up to 70 cm in height. The conspicuous goldenrod is a dense bush, with tiny lemon-colored flowers in large, exquisite inflorescences. The plant is decorative, blooms for a long time, looks amazing as part of hedges, group ensembles in mixed flower beds.

Cut flowers are wonderful in winter bouquets. Plants planted in large groups create a beautiful warm yellow color and smell pleasant. It is important not to allow the plants to seed freely, otherwise they will begin to actively grow.

Cutler's goldenrod (Solidago cutlieri)

Cutler's goldenrod (Solidago cutlieri)

There are many known synonyms of Cutler's Goldenrod: S. brachystachys, S. virgaurea, var. alpina. The plant lives in the northeastern United States. The height of the crop reaches 25 cm. The leaves are oval, up to 15 cm long, rough, with fine jagged edges. There are few leaves on the stem, they are small. The inflorescence is very short, amber yellow, corymbose or racemose.

It blooms from September and is fragrant until frost.

This species was one of the ancestors in the development of low-growing varieties. Common and widely known varieties: “Robusta” (Robusta) up to 30 cm high, “Pyramidalis” (Pyramidalis), growing up to 50 cm. Planted in groups on the lawn, in rockeries, as a border along paths. Combines in joint plantings with fighters, larkspur, and various cereals.

Goldenrod highest

Goldenrod highest

The tallest or giant goldenrod has shoots up to 2 m in height. They form harmonious, elegant thickets, shrouded in bright emerald foliage. The inflorescences are saffron-colored, up to 40 cm long. Flowering begins in the first half of August and lasts until October.

Hybrid goldenrod

Hybrid goldenrod became the ancestor of a huge number of ornamental varieties. The plants are small in size and have luxurious foliage. The variety is very interesting to professional flower growers and simply lovers of beautiful flowers. The following varieties are known.

Dzintra

“Dzintra”

The variety was obtained before 1960. It grows in large quantities in temperate regions of the Eurasian continent. A lot of time passes from the beginning of the appearance of buds to flowering. Representatives of this variety delight with flowers for about 45 days, starting from the second half of July. All this time the plant does not lose its beauty and decorativeness.

The bush is strong, up to 60 cm high. The shoots are thick, dark green, with many leaves. The leaves are malachite, glossy, narrow, oval in shape. The inflorescence is umbrella-shaped, dense, golden in color. When the flowering process comes to an end, the ground part is cut off and colorful shoots grow again until autumn.

Goldjunge

The most fragrant of all known varieties. Height up to 120 cm, stems graceful and strong. The leaves are gray on the underside, narrow, the middle part is elongated. The edges are smooth. The inflorescence is in the shape of a panicle, up to 40 cm long, golden yellow, quite dense, the branches are gracefully bent. The baskets are tiny, the reed flowers are poorly developed. Blooms in late summer. The variety is resistant to powdery mildew.

Goldtanne

Tall and late variety of goldenrod. The stems reach a height of 2 m, light green, quite dense and strong. The leaves are narrow, pointed, bluish-green, with clearly visible veins, and there are few small serrations along the edges. The inflorescence is a large panicle up to 50 cm long, quite dense, with elegantly bent branches.

At first, the flowers are yellow, straw-colored, since the color of the reed flowers dominates in the basket, later - amber-yellow, since the color of the tubular flowers predominates. The value of this variety lies in its late flowering (second half of September), height and strength of peduncles.

Golden Dwarf (Solidago hybrida Golden Dwarf)

“Golden Dwarf” (Solidago hybrida Golden Dwarf)

The plant Goldenrod hybrid Golden Dwof is characterized by a bush height of up to 60 cm. The inflorescence is about 17 cm long, the flowers are saffron-colored. Flowering time is August. The variety can be safely grown both in open sunny places and in partial shade. If we talk about soil, specimens of this variety feel better on heavy, moist soils. Plants are planted in flower beds in the background or in separate groups. Look great in autumn bouquets.

Perkeo

An early variety, widely known in cultivation until 1945. The bush is up to 60 cm high and has the shape of a cone. The shoots are graceful, strong, pistachio-like. There are quite a lot of leaves, their length reaches 7 cm, width up to 1.3 cm. The leaves are light emerald, narrow, pointed, smooth, there are few small jagged edges, the underside is covered with villi. Inflorescences are up to 17 cm long, up to 20 cm wide. They form narrow bright racemes, small baskets, with well-developed reed golden-yellow flowers.

The flowering period begins in July and lasts about 40 days. The variety is actively used by gardeners in creating green plantings and is loved by florists.

Pillare

A late variety, the bush is up to 90 cm high, has the shape of a column. The shoots are dense, strong, malachite, with many leaves. The leaves are olive-green, oval-shaped, pointed, with few small jagged edges. The inflorescence is a straight, narrow, short panicle, up to 15 cm long, up to 5 cm wide. Reed flowers are poorly developed, golden-yellow tubular ones dominate. It blooms for 40 days, starting in the second half of August.

Goldenrod wrinkled

Goldenrod wrinkled

Goldenrod rugosa ‘Fireworks’ is a perennial up to 120 cm high, with densely leafy, straight and strong stems. The leaves are simple oval, with fine jagged edges, pointed. Tiny inflorescences-baskets in long arched racemes are collected in a panicle shaped like a pyramid. Blooms from September.

Wrinkled goldenrod grows well in full sun, in slightly acidic, moderately moist or moist, well-drained loams. Used in group plantings on lawns or as a solo plant in flower beds of various types.

Goldenrod

Goldenrod

Canadian goldenrod lives in the foothills of North America and Eurasia and resembles common goldenrod. Usually forms thickets. In Poland, China and other countries, the spread of goldenrod is considered a national disaster, since it is capable of rapidly capturing new lands.

The stems are straight, large, up to 150 cm high. The stems branch in the upper part, are strong and hard at the base, and have many leaves along the entire length. The stems are colored in dark green and light green shades. The upper part of the shoot and leaves are abundantly covered with short fibers. The leaves are wide, with serrated edges, up to 15 cm long. The leaves are alternate, having an oblong blade with a pointed apex and base, with noticeable three veins. The lower leaves have fine serrations along the edges, the petioles are short, up to 12 cm long. The upper leaves are entire, sessile, up to 8 cm long.

It blooms in August-September with narrow lemon-colored inflorescences. Flower baskets are small, up to 5 mm in diameter. Reed flowers of lemon color are arranged in one row. The fruit is an uneven achene, shaped like a cylinder, about 15 mm long. Achenes with a brownish tuft, sticking to clothing.

Canadian goldenrod (Solidago canadensis L.) is an ornamental plant, but often runs wild. Wild plants are found in all regions of Russia. Goldenrod roots produce inhibitors, substances that inhibit the growth of other plants. There is a variety of garden forms, which differ greatly in the height and shape of the inflorescences.

Canadian goldenrod is not picky about soils, but it develops faster in relatively heavy, rich soils with average moisture. The application of mineral fertilizers (superphosphate and potassium salt) is beneficial for the plant. During flowering, abundant watering is needed, but an excess of water will cause rotting of the plant's roots and, accordingly, its death.

It develops and blooms well in sunny open areas, but can also tolerate light shading. Very winter hardy. Before winter, it is necessary to trim the ground part at a height of up to 15 cm. Tolerates partial shading, but develops better in sunny areas. The plant is very strong, large, powerful. Based on this, you should choose a spacious place for planting it.

Also, this tall plant with yellow shaggy flower panicles very quickly takes over the territory, so in small gardens it must be handled carefully. Once planted and confined to a path dug in with plastic or metal tape, you will always have an effortless supply of yellow in the garden. It is not for nothing that the popular name of this plant is associated with gold: its color is really quite noble, giving the bouquet openwork and charm.

A popular variety is Goldenrod Canadian Patio (‘Patio’). The plant is up to 40 cm in height, pleases with abundant and long-lasting flowering, the flowers are small, lemon-yellow.

Goldenrod bicolor

Goldenrod (Solidago bicolor). Surprising with two-color inflorescences. Grows in North America. Plants are 120 cm high, the stems are pubescent, grayish-green. The leaves are lanceolate or elliptic, toothed or serrated, up to 15 cm long, decreasing upward along the stem.

Flower baskets are collected in a panicle, the reed flowers are snow-white or creamy-white, tubular. Not widely distributed.

Blue-gray goldenrod (Solidago caesia)

Blue-gray goldenrod (Solidago caesia)

It grows mainly in North America. Morphologically noticeably different from other species. The stems are dark green or brown, up to 120 cm long, graceful, glabrous, there are few branches, there are leaves only in the upper part of the stem. The leaves are dark emerald sessile, lanceolate, toothed or serrate, similar to willow leaves. The inflorescences are collected in a sparse cluster, reminiscent of an elegant necklace. Blooms in late autumn and blooms until winter.

Medicinal goldenrod

Canadian goldenrod has important, from a medical point of view, healing abilities:

• decontaminate;
• relieve inflammation and pain.

In the medical field, the herb is used in many countries. Shoots, flowers and root of Canadian goldenrod are used.

Goldenrod solidago is used to treat diseases of the genitourinary and digestive systems. An extract from goldenrod inflorescences is successfully used in the treatment of inflammatory disease of the prostate gland or prostate, a purely male organ located under the bladder.

The Dahurian goldenrod plant is an active component of some drugs, such as Prostanorm, Fitolysin, Marelin. The drug Prostanorm activates the movement of fluid in the cells of the prostate gland, normalizes the volume of urine produced over a certain period of time. Effectively fights pathogenic microorganisms, having a bactericidal effect and is active against aerobic bacteria.

Marelin - used in the treatment of kidney stones, relieves spasms, and is indicated for infectious and inflammatory diseases. This remedy, based on goldenrod extract, helps remove kidney stones, helps with renal colic, and has a diuretic effect.

The drug Fitolysin is effective for infectious and inflammatory diseases accompanying urolithiasis (urolithiasis). The product has a bactericidal effect and relieves spasms.

Solidago virgaurea is a homeopathic medicine made from fresh flowers. Canadian goldenrod is used in the treatment of pyelonephritis accompanied by edema. In homeopathy, infusion of Daurian goldenrod is used for dropsy, gallstones, diseases of joints and tissues caused by metabolic disorders in the body.

A decoction of golden rod herb is recommended:

• for gargling;
• for infectious diseases of the upper respiratory tract and ENT organs;
• loosening of gums and lotions with purulent wounds;
• bone fractures.

In addition, goldenrod accelerates metabolism and is effective for diseases of the skin and soft tissues, as well as liver diseases. The Canadian goldenrod herb, unlike the common goldenrod, is not poisonous and does not contain toxic substances.

Plant care

Goldenrod is an easy and resilient plant. Planting and caring for goldenrod is simple. He is a rare find for lazy gardeners. The culture gives preference to light areas of the garden, so solidago grows more intensively. If the crop grows in a shaded area of ​​the garden, flowering will begin later.

Fertile soils with a neutral or slightly acidic reaction are recommended. Although, the plant will be able to adapt to heavy soils. The goldenrod flower needs proper, regular watering. It is important not to forget that plants love one good watering more than small but frequent ones. Additional watering is only required during long periods of summer drought and heat. With insufficient watering, diseases and decreased flowering are possible.

Sensitivity to alkali should be taken into account when watering and fertilizing. Since our tap water is often too hard, rainwater should be used. Important: in the first 15-30 minutes, depending on the intensity of the rain, water cannot be collected from the gutter near the roof, as this water is filled with dirt particles. To do this, a rainwater valve is installed in the drainpipe.

On poor soils, goldenrod needs to be fertilized. They use mullein and compost. You can also fertilize with a mixture of organic nutrients, for example, horn flour in combination with mineral fertilizers without lime, preferably long-acting.

Fertilizer solutions are added to the soil every month until flowering is complete. It is important to prevent an excess of minerals, which provokes active growth of stems and a decrease in flowering. The inflorescences are removed after wilting to prevent abundant self-seeding.

Tall specimens are tied up. The culture is frost-resistant and does not require additional shelter.

Soil for goldenrod

Close attention must be paid to soil care. Good soil in the garden is a condition for the development of a perennial herbaceous plant. Ensure sufficient nutrients are provided by using commercially available compost and organic fertilizers.

Goldenrod grows well in moist, fertile soil, and if you use fertilizers, it will grow in poorer soil. It is necessary to improve the soil, since specimens growing in poor soil have less beautiful flowers. The soil is improved with compost, which ensures the formation of humus, enriches the soil with nutrients, and increases the ability to accumulate moisture.

Diseases and pests

The best protection for a plant is protection provided in advance. Any experienced gardener will confirm how effective proper care is and to what extent it helps eliminate diseases and pests. In this regard, care means not only proper watering and balanced nutrition, but also covers changes in growing conditions in a given place, the distance between plants, the choice of species and varieties.

Goldenrod can suffer from aster rust and powdery mildew. Hot weather creates a favorable environment for the appearance of powdery mildew. To prevent the problem, weak shoots are removed. Plants oversaturated with nitrogen fertilizers are sensitive to powdery mildew, and fertilizing with ash, on the contrary, will help combat it.

Fungicides are used to combat fungal diseases.

Transplantation and propagation

Growing goldenrod

Goldenrod propagates by seeds, as well as vegetatively - by parts of rhizomes and green cuttings. Any beginning gardener can grow goldenrod from seeds. In the spring, after the last frost, the seeds are sown in the ground without pre-treatment.

Methods for propagating goldenrod

Goldenrod propagates by seeds and vegetatively, by parts of roots and cuttings. Cuttings take root without any problems. An acceptable planting pattern is 20(30)x70 cm.

Seeds

The seeds of the plant may lose their viability, so fresh seeds that are no more than a year old are used for planting. Plant seeds in open ground. Sowing takes place from March to May. Plants must be covered in a timely manner with film or cloth to avoid damage from bad weather.

Before sowing, the sowing surface is prepared; the heavy soil is roughly dug up in the fall. In the spring, the area for sowing is loosened using a cultivator. Immediately before sowing, the soil is leveled with a rake to a depth of 3 cm. Grooves are made along a cord stretched along the flowerbed. The seeds are placed in the groove at a sufficient distance from each other. The soil removed when digging the ditch is filled into the ditch, using the back of the rake to compact the soil.

At the end of the work, the planted area is watered with a hose with a fine sprayer. In small areas, it is best to scatter the seeds widely and evenly; in large flower beds and ridges, sowing in rows is recommended. With any sowing, the soil should not be allowed to dry out during seed germination. As soon as the plants sprout and the seedlings can be grabbed with your fingers, they are thinned out. Shoots appear in 16-20 days. In the first year after planting, the perennial rarely blooms.

Dividing the bush

Division is a simple method of propagation. The bush is removed from the ground, cut with a knife or carefully separated by hand. A part of the plant is separated and transplanted to another place. After the first year of growth, goldenrod begins to develop basal shoots, but it is recommended to divide the bush only in the 4th year. Division into several segments is carried out in spring or summer. When planting, leave a distance of at least 40 cm between seedlings.

Rooting cuttings

Rooting cuttings. An apical cutting 10-15 cm long is cut from the mother plant. The upper parts of the stem without inflorescences are suitable for rooting. The cut is treated with a growth stimulator. Rooting is carried out in containers or trays with planting soil. The substrate for planting is either bought in a store or made yourself from equal parts of loose, unfertilized soil and sand.

The top of the tray with the cutting is covered with a glass cap, a jar or transparent plastic film, and placed in a well-lit sunny place. Two weeks later, the seedlings grow roots, and after another 14-20 days they are transplanted to a permanent place.

Medical uses of goldenrod

Goldenrod is valued for its medicinal properties and is used for medicinal purposes:

• the herb has a pronounced diuretic effect, therefore it helps in the treatment of diseases of the genitourinary system, such as inflammation of the prostate gland, inflammation of the bladder and urethra, sexual impotence;
• effectively treats patients with urate and oxalate stones. Perennial collections are effective against fungal infections caused by microscopic yeast-like fungi of the genus Candida (primarily Candida albicans);
• in folk medicine they heal patients suffering from an illness in which stones form in the gallbladder or bile ducts;
• treat diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, joints and muscles, cardiovascular system, as well as diseases caused by metabolic disorders in the body;
• The leaves of the culture are used for skin diseases, for example, suppuration in body tissues, ulcers.

The trade homeopathic name for a medicine based on goldenrod is Solidago.

Medicinal properties

Canadian goldenrod is actively used in medicine. It has properties that help to influence bacteria, leading to their death or suppression of their vital activity. Goldenrod also contains substances that relieve inflammation.

Chemical composition

The set of components that make up goldenrod: organic substances exhibiting acidic properties, a group of nitrogen-containing organic compounds, complex nitrogen-free organic compounds, phenolic compounds.

Golden Rod contains:

• aromatic organic compounds;
• flavonoids;
• coumarins;
• resins;
• tannins;
• essential oil.

Useful properties and uses of goldenrod

Goldenrod has a positive effect on the human body, which makes it possible to use it in folk medicine. The healing properties of the golden rod cannot be overestimated. The collections help in the treatment of various diseases of the skin and soft tissues, inflammation of the gums, destruction or erosion of the tissues lining the gingival sulcus, swelling of the subcutaneous tissue.

Goldenrod speeds up the metabolic process and helps remove harmful toxins from the blood. For medicinal purposes, decoctions, tinctures, and goldenrod teas are used.

Canadian goldenrod is also valued for its medicinal qualities. The inflorescences of the plant and its rhizomes are used.

The preparation of medicinal raw materials is carried out at the beginning of summer, when the perennial blooms. The plant is collected, carefully washed, dried, sheltered from the sun.

Indications for use

Infusions and decoctions from the medicinal herb goldenrod are taken when suffering from inflammation of the upper respiratory tract, pathology of the kidneys and urinary tract, dermatological problems, diseases of the large and small intestines.

Contraindications to the use of goldenrod

Before using medications, you should consult your doctor. It is important to know that there are contraindications for the use of goldenrod, since it contains strong toxic substances.

Preparations based on goldenrod are contraindicated for pregnant women, women during breastfeeding, and children under 14 years of age.

It is forbidden to drink infusions and decoctions if:

• glomerulonephritis;
• diseases of the circulatory system;
• allergies;
• phosphate stones.

If disturbances in body functions occur, it is necessary to immediately stop taking the drugs.

How to use?

Decoction, tea, honey and infusions of goldenrod have medicinal properties and affect the body. They ensure the removal of bronchial secretions from the respiratory tract, inhibit the growth and even destroy bacteria and other harmful microorganisms. Drugs can reduce the reabsorption of water and salts in the kidney tubules, increase their excretion in the urine, increase the rate of urine formation and, thus, reduce the fluid content in the tissues, speed up the healing process of wounds, and relieve inflammation and pain.

Healers claim that with the help of goldenrod you can get rid of the presence of stones in the urinary system, poisoning of the body and diarrhea, amenorrhea, urinary disorders, and sexually transmitted diseases.

Decoction

Decoction recipe, option one: pour a tablespoon of ground medicinal raw material into 200 ml of hot water and place in a boiling water bath for five minutes. The broth is infused for three hours and filtered. Drink ready-made goldenrod extract 30 ml 3 times a day for kidney stones.

Decoction recipe, option two: two tablespoons of ground medicinal raw materials are poured into 500 ml of hot water and left for ten minutes in a boiling water bath, then the decoction is filtered, drunk 100 ml 4 times a day for chronic kidney disease.

Infusion

Infusion recipe, option one: pour a tablespoon of ground medicinal raw material into 500 ml of hot boiled water, leave for about 7 hours, then filter the resulting infusion and drink 2/3 cup up to 4 times a day.

Infusion recipe, option two: add 200 ml of hot boiled water to a tablespoon of dry perennial, infuse for an hour, filter. Goldenrod tincture is used to rinse the mouth for stomatitis, gingivitis, and periodontitis.

Tea

Tea recipe, option one: add 400 ml of cold water to two teaspoons of goldenrod, then boil and infuse for two minutes.

Tea recipe, option two: add 400 ml of hot boiled water to two teaspoons of goldenrod and infuse for ten minutes, then filter the tea and drink up to four times a day.

Goldenrod honey

Bees collect goldenrod honey from common goldenrod, which is a beautiful honey plant. Goldenrod honey crystallizes quickly and remains in liquid form for up to 2 months. The honey turns out thick, caramel-colored, bitter, and is not candied.

This honey is an effective natural preparation, used in the treatment of pathological processes in the body. Goldenrod honey is mixed with black currant berries, one teaspoon of the mixture is taken before meals, for the treatment of liver pathologies.

When regulating the functions of the urinary system, one teaspoon of goldenrod honey is dissolved in 100 ml of heated water. Take the mixture 1/4 cup twice a day before meals.
When treating pyelonephritis, about 120 g of goldenrod honey is mixed with lemon juice and rose hip extract and taken before meals.

Herbaceous perennials are suitable for natural and traditional home gardens, where they can be used to dilute vegetation or as a border for a flower bed or edging. With its graceful attractiveness, long stems, and bright spikes of flowers, goldenrod always brings something special to the garden.

Goldenrod is actively used in a range of measures and solutions for garden improvement. Hybrid varieties of goldenrod bloom next to other crops in flower beds without interfering with neighboring plants. Yellow bushes look great in tandem with coniferous plants, as well as with fragrant bright flowers.

Goldenrod is beautiful not only in the garden, but in every home. The bouquet will be fresh for at least two weeks, exuding a pleasant, subtle aroma.

Instructions for use:

Common goldenrod is a perennial herbaceous plant of the Goldenrod genus of the Asteraceae family, herbal preparations from which have a pronounced diuretic, antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory effect.

Chemical composition

The composition of the herb of common goldenrod (life-giving herb, goldenrod, golden rod, goldenrod herb, scrofula, scrofula, redwort, seven-silver, core, mother of bread, life-giving herb) includes the following biologically active substances:

• organic acids (quinic, etc.);
• diterpenoids;
• triterpenoids;
• saponins (virgauresaponins);
• phytoecdysones;
• phenolcarboxylic acids and their derivatives (caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, hydroxycinnamic acid);
• phenolic and polyacetylene compounds;
• coumarins (esculin, esculetin);
• flavonoids (narcissin, isorhamnetin, rutin, quercitrin, quercetin, isoquercitrin, astragalin, kaempferol).

Other substances contained in golden rod:

• inflorescences: carbohydrates and related compounds (polysaccharides, including arabinose, galactose, xylose, glucose, rhamnose);
• fruits: fatty oil.

Beneficial features

The plant is used in folk medicine, as well as in homeopathy. Pharmaceutical name – Solidaginis herba (golden rod herb).

For medicinal purposes, the leafy upper parts of the stems with inflorescences are used, the harvesting of which occurs during flowering. The herb has a slightly aromatic odor and a spicy, bitter-astringent taste.

Goldenrod has a pronounced diuretic, anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial effect. Thanks to these properties, the plant is widely used in the treatment of chronic diseases of the bladder and kidneys, especially often for urolithiasis, urinary disorders in older people (urinary retention/involuntary urination), albuminuria, hematuria, prostate hypertrophy.

As a result of experimental studies of the flavonoid complex of the plant, its pronounced diuretic and hypoazotemic properties were revealed. Goldenrod decoction does not have stone-dissolving properties, but increases the secretory-excretory function of the kidneys, affects the acid-base balance and water-salt metabolism. In this case, an increase in phosphaturia and an increase in urine pH is observed, while at the same time, oxalaturia and uraturia decrease/eliminate. Thus, goldenrod can be prescribed for therapy and for prophylactic purposes against oxalate and urate kidney stones.

The British Herbal Pharmacopoeia lists goldenrod herb as an antiseptic and diaphoretic. In Germany, the plant is widely used in the treatment of inflammatory urological diseases, and in combination with other plants - for venous diseases.

In folk medicine, aqueous preparations (decoctions/infusions) from the aerial part of the plant are used as an astringent, diuretic, expectorant, diaphoretic, hemostatic, anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, wound healing agent in the treatment of various diseases, including diabetes mellitus, pulmonary tuberculosis, acute respiratory diseases, rheumatism , gout, arthritis, diarrhea, enteritis, colitis, menorrhagia, leucorrhoea, prostate hypertrophy, acute laryngitis, sore throat, eczema, bladder and kidney diseases, ascites, cholelithiasis, bronchial asthma. Goldenrod extract is recommended for cerebral edema. In Belarus, the plant is used for skin tuberculosis, in the Caucasus, Siberia and Komi - for scrofulosis. In the Caucasus, an alcohol tincture from the underground part of the plant is also used as a wound-healing agent.

Golden rod inflorescences as a powder are used in folk medicine as a wound healing agent. In Komi and Siberia they are prescribed (in the form of a decoction) for hepatitis and ulcerative cystitis, in Moldova and Belarus (externally mixed with cream, butter or lard) - for rheumatism, skin tuberculosis, burns, dermatitis, leucorrhoea.

In combination with other plants, goldenrod is used for impotence, prostate adenoma, chronic prostatitis and frequent emissions; externally – for eczema and acute laryngitis.

Infusions of golden rod in Bulgarian folk medicine are prescribed as a remedy for chronic kidney diseases, including inflammatory processes, stones and sand in the kidneys, albumin in the urine; as a diuretic - for rheumatism, uric acid metabolism disorders, edema and gout. A paste of fresh leaves is used externally to treat purulent wounds and boils. Dry leaf powder mixed with a little quality water can be used for the same purpose.

Goldenrod seeds are used in Chinese folk medicine to thin the blood and relieve bloating. The seeds are also used for cholera, wounds, diarrhea, and menstrual irregularities.

In Tibet, the aerial part of goldenrod is used in the treatment of neurasthenia and jaundice.

The golden rod is part of various complex medicines - Antiprostin, Prostaforton, Inconturin, Prostamed, Prostanorm, Fitolysin, Saburgen and others.

The essence of inflorescences in homeopathy is used to treat nephritis, bronchial asthma, arthritis, diathesis, and skin diseases.

Indications for use

Preparations from goldenrod are used as a diuretic, antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory agent in the treatment of the following diseases:

• gout;
• rheumatism;
• dropsy;
• cholelithiasis and urolithiasis;
• albuminuria;
• hematuria;
• prostatic hypertrophy;
• angina;
• gingivitis;
• bronchial asthma;
• tuberculosis;
• purulent wounds, boils.

Contraindications

• acute/chronic glomerulonephritis;
• pregnancy;
• individual intolerance to biologically active substances that make up the plant.

It is necessary to take into account that goldenrod contains toxic substances, so you must strictly adhere to the prescribed dosage of its preparations.

Homemade remedies from goldenrod

• infusion (general recipe): 1 tbsp. l. raw materials per 500 ml of boiling water; infusion time - overnight in a thermos; Directions for use: 3 times a day, 30 minutes before meals, 2/3 cup;
• infusion (therapy of gastritis, stomach pain, urolithiasis, prostate adenoma): 1 tbsp. l. raw materials per 200 ml of cooled boiled water; infusion time – 4 hours; Directions for use: 3-4 times a day before meals, 1/4 cup;
• decoction (nephritis therapy, to dissolve stones in the bladder and kidneys): 2 tbsp. l. raw materials per 500 ml of water; cooking method: boil for 10 minutes over low heat, then leave for 1 hour; Directions for use: 100 ml 4 times a day, 30 minutes before meals;
• decoction (therapy for sore throat, sore throat, bleeding gums; used for rinsing, has anti-inflammatory and expectorant properties, helps reduce sputum formation): 3 tbsp. l. raw materials per 200 ml of boiling water; preparation method: heat in a water bath for 20 minutes, cool for 10 minutes; Directions for use: rinse with warm broth 3 times a day after meals, 1/2 cup;
• tincture (external treatment of fractures, skin diseases, purulent ulcers): 6 tbsp. l. raw materials for 0.5 liters of vodka; Method of preparation: infuse, shaking daily, for 30 days in a dark place; method of use: in the form of lotions.

Have you ever seen an unusually beautiful tall plant with lush golden clusters of flowers? If so, it was most likely goldenrod, a showy perennial often found in flower beds. It is not for nothing that goldenrod is popular among gardeners all over the world: it is very unpretentious, winters well, and most importantly, it looks great. Dense inflorescences of a bright honey shade are crowned with dense greenery of shoots and leaves.

Experienced plant growers know that this crop is not only beautiful, but also very useful. Goldenrod, or, as it is also called, solidago, is widely known in medicine and veterinary medicine. The medicinal properties have been confirmed by numerous studies, so the plant is used not only by traditional healers. It is included in many herbal remedies and pharmaceutical preparations. Solidago is used for diseases of the kidneys and genitourinary system, problems with the bronchi and lungs, various skin ailments, and diseases of the musculoskeletal system.

All parts of the perennial have medicinal properties: both aboveground (leaves, shoots, inflorescences) and underground (roots). Perhaps goldenrod can be called a universal green healer.

In veterinary medicine, solidago is used in case of gastrointestinal disorders, as well as externally, for the treatment of purulent wounds.

[!] Goldenrod contains dangerous alkaloids, so it should only be used under the supervision of a doctor and strictly follow the dosage of the drugs.

The plant is famous not only for its medicinal properties, it is truly a storehouse of all sorts of benefits:

• Goldenrod produces valuable essential oil.
• This flower is an excellent honey plant. Solidago pollen honey has a dark hue and a pleasant spicy flavor.
• The young leaves of the plant are edible and were eaten by Native Americans.
• Rubber was found in solidago leaves, from which they tried to make rubber in the middle of the last century. The experiment was unsuccessful: it turned out that the resulting rubber had too low strength and elongation. However, this crop has industrial potential and, perhaps, research will resume again.
• Goldenrod is a spectacular ornamental plant suitable for landscaping any garden.

The last point should be considered in more detail. The fact is that in Europe, goldenrod has long been used in landscape compositions, but North American gardeners have long considered this plant a weed, without paying due attention to it. The situation changed only at the end of the 20th century - now solidago can be found in man-made gardens of the New World.

Goldenrod is distinguished by its extraordinary vitality, so its spread in some countries (China, Germany) has led to environmental problems - the plant has displaced many natural species, taking their place in their natural habitat. Another significant disadvantage is that solidago provokes severe allergies in some people. However, the above facts do not bother the vast majority of gardeners: they willingly grow beautiful perennials on their plots.

The Latin name of the plant is solidago (from the word solidus, translated as “strong” or “healthy”) refers to the medicinal properties of the crop. In the Russian language, the name goldenrod has taken root better - based on the shade of the golden inflorescences, although previously this flower was called differently in each province. According to the botanical dictionary of N.I. Annenkov, the perennial was called flea beetle, yellow flower, goldenrod, scrofula, bat, honey, baggage, black grass, wild chicory, etc. In English-speaking countries, the plant is known as goldenrod - golden stem.

It is now difficult to name the homeland of goldenrod - the culture has spread widely throughout the globe, but most species are usually found in North America and the temperate zone of Eurasia. Most often, the plant settles in open spaces: clearings, meadows, forest edges, and in America it prefers sunny prairies and savannas.

Botanists classify solidago (lat. Solidago) as a member of the aster tribe (lat. Astereae), the aster family (lat. Asteroideae) of the numerous aster family (lat. Asteraceae). The closest relatives of goldenrod in the plant world are aster, daisy, callistephus, and grindelia.

The genus unites large herbaceous perennials, the height of which, depending on the species, varies from 10 to 120 cm. These are rhizomatous plants with erect or creeping stems. Shoots are usually unbranched or slightly branched with a smooth or fleecy surface. The leaves are arranged alternately on the stem, their shape can be elongated-lanceolate, elliptical, ovoid, and the edges can be smooth or serrated.

In summer or early autumn, lush golden-yellow inflorescences appear, consisting of a large number of small single reed and tubular flowers. The flowers are collected in dense baskets, and these, in turn, are collected in a panicle, scutellum or brush. After flowering, the fruit appears in the form of a narrow achene.

Ornamental species and varieties of goldenrod

In total, there are about 120 species in the genus, the vast majority of them are wild perennials not cultivated by humans. Only a few solidagos are adapted for decorative purposes.

Goldenrod(lat. Solidago virgaurea) is sometimes called European solidago. It is widespread in most European countries, as well as in North Africa, North, Central and South-West Asia. The plant is found both wild and as a garden crop.

It is a tall (about 1 m) herbaceous perennial with a powerful branched rhizome, erect shoots, simple or slightly branched in the upper part, and elongated lanceolate leaves. In mid- or late summer (July-August), racemose or paniculate inflorescences appear in the upper part of the stems, consisting of a large number of small golden-yellow flowers.

There are a large number of varieties and subspecies of common goldenrod, some of which have been introduced into cultivation:

• Small (subsp. minuta) – differs, as the name implies, in its compact size.
• Daurian (subsp. dahurica) is a Far Eastern variety of goldenrod.
• Alpine (subsp. alpestris) - a plant native to the alpine foothills.
• Hairy carpa (subsp. leiocarpa) is a miniature variety with bright yellow umbrella inflorescences.

The most famous varieties are the following:

• "Praecox" (Prekoks) is an early flowering variety.
• "Paleface" (Pale-faced) is a plant with light, creamy yellow inflorescences.
• "Variegata" - variegated goldenrod.

Z. small, Z. subalpine, Z. pilosefruitous

Goldenrod highest(lat. Solidago altissima) is a species originating from the North American continent (most of the USA, southern Canada, northern Mexico).

It is distinguished by its large (from 1 to 2 m) size, erect, slightly pubescent stems, and leaves alternately located along the entire length of the shoot. The leaf shape is lanceolate, the edges of the leaf blade are decorated with small teeth. The inflorescences that bloom at the end of summer are very impressive - small lemon-yellow single flowers are collected in elongated racemes, and these, in turn, are collected in large panicles. The size of an individual paniculate inflorescence can reach 35 cm in length.

Goldenrod bicolor(lat. Solidago bicolor) is distinguished by an unusual shade of inflorescences for the genus. The petals are not yellow like other goldenrods, but creamy white. The plant has thin, hard, slightly pubescent stems, large oval-lanceolate leaves, and the inflorescences, unlike other species, are collected not at the end of the shoot, but in the axils of the leaves.

The bicolor goldenrod is native to the eastern and northern United States, as well as Canada. In our country, this species is still very rare and is found only in some nurseries.

Goldenrod bluish-gray(lat. Solidago caesia), also known as forest goldenrod, is another North American species. The name of the plant is associated with the unusual emerald hue of the narrow leaves and the purple-burgundy color of the long lodging shoots. In summer, many small bright yellow inflorescences appear along the stem, which look great against the background of bluish foliage. The plant is very elegant and decorative.

Z. highest, Z. two-color, W. bluish-gray

Goldenrod(lat. Solidago canadensis) has a classic appearance for this plant: tall (up to 1.5 m) strong stems, elongated lanceolate bright green leaves and large golden panicle inflorescences at the ends of the shoots.

Initially, Canadian goldenrod grew only in North America, but over time, thanks to human intervention, it spread widely throughout Europe, Siberia and Southeast Asia. The high viability of the plant allows it to survive even in extreme conditions. For example, after fires or other natural disasters, goldenrod is the first to recover. This property has made Solidago an invasive species.

[!] Plants that have spread as a result of human action, displacing local species and occupying large areas, are called invasive.

China and Japan were particularly hard hit by the intense invasion of Canadian solidago, where the plant destroyed many orange plantations and rice fields.

Goldenrod hard(lat. Solidago rigida) - a compact species with erect stems branching in the upper part, elongated leaves, some of which are collected in a basal rosette, and the other part is alternately located on the stem, and numerous golden-yellow inflorescences. This beautifully flowering perennial is often found both in the wild and in cultivation.

Goldenrod Shorty(lat. Solidago shortii) differs from others in its rather modest (up to 90 cm) size and graceful drooping stems. In September, numerous golden-yellow flowers appear at the ends of the shoots, collected in loose inflorescences.

This species is quite rare and is found naturally only in a few North American states. Economic activity has led to the almost complete disappearance of the wild-growing Solidago Shorty, and now the plant is under enhanced protection by environmentalists.

Z. Canadian, Z. Hard, Z. Shorty

(lat. Solidago x hybrida) is a name that unites a group of artificially bred solidagos that cannot be classified as specific species. The basis for selection was Canadian and common goldenrod.

The most popular decorative varieties of hybrid goldenrod include:

• "Fireworks" (Salute) is a slow-growing, non-aggressive variety with numerous golden-yellow inflorescences.
• "Goldenmosa" (Goldenmosa) is a compact (no more than 75 cm) perennial, decorated with cone-shaped bright yellow inflorescences.

Z. "Fireworks", Z. "Goldenmosa"

Goldenrod in landscape design

This beautifully flowering perennial looks unusually impressive in the garden and is capable of performing several functions at once.

Tall varieties and species can serve as a background in a complex multi-faceted flowerbed, act as a large tapeworm on an open lawn or clearing, and also block unsightly outbuildings. The dimensions of the plant and the density of its greenery can completely hide ugly old walls, compost heaps, fences, etc.

If we talk about plant partners suitable for goldenrod, it is better to choose them from perennial representatives of the aster family. Plants of the same family are easier to maintain, because... they need identical conditions, and the diversity of asteraceae is unusually large. You can choose beautifully flowering crops to match goldenrod (, gaillardia,), or you can play on the contrast by planting flowers in cool colors next to solidago (perennial aster,).

Lower-growing goldenrods can be planted in dense groups as borders along paths or as fillers in low beds in open spaces. There are few compact varieties of Solidago, but if you are lucky enough to find one on sale, be sure to experiment with this colorful plant.

Growing and care

Solidago is one of the most trouble-free perennials that even gardening beginners can grow. The plant does not need special soil, does not require exhausting watering, and is easy to sow. Perhaps the most difficult part of keeping goldenrod is limiting its spread.

Try to plant only varietal, slow-growing goldenrods on your site. Avoid self-seeding and monitor the spread of the crop. Remember that uncontrollably growing solidago can crowd out other species and occupy a significant area of ​​the garden.

Location, soil, fertilizing, watering

Solidago can be planted almost anywhere in your garden plot: the perennial grows well in both open sun and partial shade. It is worth avoiding, perhaps, only overly shaded, humid places, although the plant can survive there too. There are also no special requirements for the soil: both heavy alumina and light sandstone will do. Goldenrod will adapt to any substrate.

As for watering and fertilizing, their frequency depends only on the gardener. If you have time and opportunity, feed and water solidago, no, it’s okay, the flower has enough natural moisture and nutrients.

Pruning and wintering

Pruning goldenrod is necessary not so much to maintain its appearance as to prevent self-seeding. To avoid the formation of fruits with seeds, wilted inflorescences should be removed immediately. If this is not done, the fluffy flying seeds will spread throughout the entire area and sprout in large numbers next year.

[!] Due to its long fibrous roots, uncontrollably grown goldenrod is very difficult to uproot.

It should be noted that abundant self-seeding is characteristic, rather, only of ordinary wild species; varietal solidagos behave much more modestly.

Almost all goldenrods winter well in the European part of our country, without requiring any shelter or protection from frost. The only thing a gardener should do is to cut off dried shoots 20 cm from the ground in late autumn.

Goldenrod propagation

In the wild, goldenrod reproduces by seeds and basal shoots. The culture also uses seeds and cuttings, as well as dividing the bush.

Seeds can be planted in November, before winter, or in mid-spring. There is no point in sowing seeds for seedlings - they germinate 100% in open ground.

The agricultural technology for planting seeds is very simple: you should keep them in a damp cloth for several hours, and then transfer them to the substrate, deepening them by 2-4 mm. If you plant goldenrod in the fall, seedlings will appear next year; if in the spring, then in 2-3 weeks. After the seedlings have grown a little, they need to be planted at a distance of 40 cm from each other - for low-growing border varieties and 80 cm - for tall varieties.

Goldenrod can also be taken from cuttings. For planting, the root shoot with a “heel” (a piece of root) is usually broken off, which takes root well in a new place.

Another way to propagate solidago is by dividing an adult bush. With the help of division, not only new specimens are obtained, but also the old plant is rejuvenated. The only problem is that a large bush with voluminous roots is difficult to dig out of the ground. Division is carried out in late spring. The perennial is removed from the ground as carefully as possible and cut into 2-4 parts so that each of them has several developed shoots and part of the root. After this procedure, the resulting goldenrods are planted again in previously prepared planting holes.

[!] Ordinary goldenrods can be sown with seeds, but varietal ones must be cut or divided, because The selection qualities of the plant are lost during seed propagation.

Pests and diseases

Goldenrod is a spectacular and colorful plant that can and should be cultivated in our gardens. In addition, it is extremely useful. Carefully monitor its spread and enjoy the luxurious beauty of solidago.

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480 rub. | 150 UAH | $7.5 ", MOUSEOFF, FGCOLOR, "#FFFFCC",BGCOLOR, "#393939");" onMouseOut="return nd();"> Dissertation - 480 RUR, delivery 10 minutes, around the clock, seven days a week and holidays

Fedotova Victoria Vladimirovna. Pharmacognostic study of Caucasian goldenrod (Solidago caucasica Kem.-Nath.): dissertation... candidate of pharmaceutical sciences: 04.14.02 / Victoria Vladimirovna Fedotova; [Place of defense: State budgetary educational institution of higher professional education Volgograd State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation http ://www.pmedpharm.ru/].- Volgograd, 2014.- 163 p.

Introduction

CHAPTER 1 Pharmacognostic characteristics of species of the genus goldenrod 13

1.1 History and distribution of species of the genus Goldenrod 13

1.2 Botanical characteristics of species of the genus Goldenrod 16

1.3 Systematic position of the genus Goldenrod 17

1.4 Chemical composition of the studied species of the genus Goldenrod 18

1.5 Use of raw materials of species of the genus Goldenrod 22

Conclusions from the literature review 29

CHAPTER 2 Objects and methods of research 30

2.1 Research objects 30

2.2 Research methods

2.2.1 Chemical reactions 31

2.2.2 Chromatographic research methods 32

2.2.3 Spectral methods 33

2.2.4 Titrimetric methods 34

2.2.5 Gravimetric methods 34

2.2.6 Resource studies 34

2.2.7 Pharmacological research methods 35

2.2.8 Sampling for analysis 36

2.2.9 Methods of macro- and microscopic analysis of raw materials

2.2.10 Determination of numerical indicators 37

2.2.11 Validation of the quantitation procedure 37

2.2.12 Microbiological purity 37

2.2.13 Determination of expiration dates 37

2.2.14 Statistical processing methods 37

CHAPTER 3 Preliminary resource studies of Caucasian goldenrod and study of the possibilities of introducing it into culture 38

3.1 Determination of the yield of Caucasian goldenrod grass 38

3.2 Calculation of the volume of annual procurement 39

3.3 Research on the introduction of Caucasian goldenrod into culture 41

Chapter 45 Conclusions

CHAPTER 4 Morphological and anatomical-diagnostic study of grass and rhizomes with roots of Caucasian goldenrod 46

4.1 Morphological characteristics of “Caucasian goldenrod” 46

4.2 Anatomical structure of the leaf 4.2.1 Structure of the leaf from the surface 47

4.2.2 Leaf structure in cross section 50

4.3 Anatomical structure of the stem 52

4.3.1 Structure of the stem from the surface 52

4.3.2 Structure of the stem in a cross section 53

4.3.3 Structure of the stem in a longitudinal section

4.4 Anatomical structure of a flower 59

4.5 Microscopic analysis of crushed “Caucasian goldenrod grass” 64

4.6 Microscopic analysis of Caucasian goldenrod powder 66

4.7 Morphological characteristics of rhizomes with roots of Caucasian goldenrod 68

4.8 Anatomical structure of rhizomes with roots of Caucasian goldenrod 69

Chapter 73 Conclusions

CHAPTER 5 Phytochemical study of grass and rhizomes with Caucasian goldenrod roots. development of quality standards for Caucasian goldenrod grass 74

5.1 Analysis of grass and rhizomes with Caucasian goldenrod roots using qualitative reactions 74

5.2 Study of phenolic compounds of the Caucasian goldenrod herb using the BH 75 method

5.3 Detection of rutin by TLC in “Caucasian goldenrod grass” 78

5.4 Study of phenolic compounds of Caucasian goldenrod herb by HPLC 79

5.5 Quantitative determination of flavonoids in terms of rutin in “Caucasian goldenrod grass” by differential spectrophotometry 82

5.6 Quantitative determination of phenolcarboxylic acids in grass and rhizomes with roots of Caucasian goldenrod using spectrophotometry in terms of caffeic acid 89

5.7 Quantitative determination of tannins in grass and rhizomes with Caucasian goldenrod roots 93

5.8 Study of triterpene glycosides of the Caucasian goldenrod herb 95

5.9 Study of polyacetylene compounds of rhizomes with roots of Caucasian goldenrod 5.10 Quantitative determination of organic acids in Caucasian goldenrod grass 100

5.11 Study of organic acids of the Caucasian goldenrod herb using HPLC 101

5.12 Study of carbohydrates of the Caucasian goldenrod herb 103

5.13 Biologically active compounds of the Caucasian goldenrod herb identified by GLC–MS 109

5.14 Study of the amino acid composition of the Caucasian goldenrod herb 112

5.15 Study of the mineral composition of Caucasian goldenrod grass 113

5.16 Determination of some numerical indicators of grass and rhizomes with Caucasian goldenrod roots 115

5.17 Microbiological purity of “Caucasian goldenrod grass” 117

5.18 Establishing the shelf life of “Caucasian goldenrod herb” 118

Chapter 120 Conclusions

CHAPTER 6 Preliminary technological research on the development of “Caucasian goldenrod herb dry extract”, standardization of the resulting extract and preliminary study of its pharmacological activity 121

6.1 Preparation of “Caucasian goldenrod herb dry extract” 121

6.2 Development of methods for standardization of “Caucasian goldenrod grass”

dry extract" 122

6.2.1 General indicators 122

6.2.2 Study of phenolic compounds 124

6.2.3 Quantitative determination of the amount of flavonoids in terms of rutin by differential spectrophotometry 125

6.2.4 Quantitative determination of phenolcarboxylic acids in terms of caffeic acid by spectrometry

6.3 Establishing the shelf life of “Caucasian goldenrod herb dry extract” 131

6.4 Preliminary study of pharmacological activity

6.4.1 Determination of “acute” toxicity of “Caucasian goldenrod grass” 133

6.4.2 Pathomorphological changes in organs caused by the introduction of Caucasian goldenrod extract from the herb at a dose of 10,000 mg/kg 134

6.4.3 Study of the diuretic activity of “Caucasian goldenrod dry herb extract” 140

6.4.4 Study of the antibacterial effect of “Caucasian goldenrod herb dry extract” 141

Chapter 144 Conclusions

Conclusion 145

Bibliography

Chemical composition of the studied species of the genus Goldenrod

In folk medicine, infusion and decoction of goldenrod herb is used as a diuretic, antiseptic, anti-inflammatory agent for diseases of the kidneys and bladder (urolithiasis, cholecystitis, ulcerative cystitis, enuresis), prostate hypertrophy. However, the scope of goldenrod is much wider. It has an astringent, diaphoretic, expectorant, hemostatic effect, and is used for cholelithiasis, diabetes mellitus, bronchial asthma, pulmonary tuberculosis, acute respiratory infections, acute laryngitis, sore throat, whooping cough, gout 23

re, arthritis, enteritis, colitis, menorrhagia, leucorrhoea, eczema, ascites. In Moldova and Belarus, inflorescences are used externally in a mixture with cream, lard or butter for skin tuberculosis, dermatitis, burns, and rheumatism. In the Komi ASSR, in the Caucasus, in Siberia - for scrofula. In Chinese folk medicine, goldenrod seeds are used to thin the blood and eliminate intestinal bloating, as well as for menstrual irregularities, cholera, diarrhea, and the appearance of blood in the urine in children. In the Caucasus, tinctures of the underground part of goldenrod are used as a wound healing agent.

Use of goldenrod in scientific medicine

Common goldenrod, h. Canadian and z. gigantic are included in the European Pharmacopoeia, h. Canadian and z. giant - in the British Herbal Pharmacopoeia. In the USSR, the FS “Canadian goldenrod herb” was developed. For species of the genus Goldenrod, a whole spectrum of pharmacological activity has been established. Diuretic activity The flavonoid fraction of goldenrod at a dose of 25 mg/kg showed an 88% increase in diuresis in rats after 24 hours compared to the control sample (NaCl, 5 ml, oral administration), while there was a decrease in nocturnal excretion of potassium and sodium and an increase in excretion calcium.

A significant increase in diuresis in rats with increased excretion of sodium, potassium and chloride ions was observed after ingestion of goldenrod (0.3% flavonoids, 4.64 ml/kg and 10.0 ml/kg). Moreover, the low dose turned out to be more effective.

Anti-inflammatory activity The anti-inflammatory activity of goldenrod saponins was tested in a rat edema model. As a result, a significant reduction in edema was observed after intravenous administration of 1.25-2.5 mg/kg triterpene saponin complex. Labdane diterpenes, isolated from Chilean goldenrod, showed gastroprotective activity during chlorine-ethanol-induced gastric lesions in mice.

The diterpene solidagogenone, contained in an aqueous extract from the inflorescences of Chilean goldenrod, also showed gastroprotective activity.

Phytodolor was tested on rats for anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic activity. The activity was the same as that of the standard samples of salicylic alcohol and indomethacin.

Saponins, flavonoids and caffeic acid isolated from goldenrod inhibited the activity of leukocyte elastase and protease involved in the progression of inflammation. Saponins stimulated the synthesis and release of glucocorticoids in the adrenal glands.

An aqueous extract of goldenrod significantly suppressed the inflammatory response in the skin of guinea pigs induced by X-ray radiation. 46% hydroalcoholic extract of Chilean goldenrod had anti-inflammatory activity due to inhibition of dihydrofolate reductase.

Leiocarposide, isolated from Chilean goldenrod, had an anti-inflammatory and analgesic effect.

Isolated from giant goldenrod, 3,5-di-O-caffeic acid had anti-inflammatory properties without side effects and was therefore investigated as a potential drug.

Antioxidant activity Aqueous-alcoholic extract of goldenrod as a component of the drug Phytodolor inhibited the formation of reactive oxygen species. Analgesic activity Goldenrod extract exhibited analgesic activity by acting on bradykinin receptors. The effectiveness of liquid extract of Chilean goldenrod in the treatment of lumbago has been established: for 15 days, the skin was lubricated with a gel containing 5% extract of Chilean goldenrod, and a significant analgesic effect was achieved. Antispasmodic activity The presence of flavonoids (quercetin and kaempferol) in goldenrod caused an established vasodilatory effect, depending on the inhibition of protein kinase C, inhibition of phosphodiesterase and cyclic nucleotides, as well as a decrease in the supply of Ca2 + ions.

Definition of numerical indicators

The presence of biologically active substances in grass and rhizomes with roots. Kavazian was established using generally accepted qualitative reactions.

To detect flavonoids, an alcoholic extract (ethyl alcohol 70%) was used in a ratio of 1:10, with which a cyanidin test was carried out (reduction with magnesium in the presence of concentrated hydrochloric acid) and a reaction with aluminum chloride.

To determine the presence of triterpene saponins, an aqueous extract of 1:10 was prepared by boiling in a water bath for 10 minutes, cooled and filtered. 2 ml of filtrate were placed into 2 test tubes. Hydrochloric acid 0.5 M was added to the first test tube, sodium hydroxide 0.5 M was added to the second. The test tubes were shaken and foam was observed in both acidic and alkaline media (triterpene saponins). To carry out the Lieberman–Burkhard reaction, a sample of Caucasian goldenrod grass (10.0 g) was degreased with benzene, and extraction was carried out sequentially with chloroform and methanol. The methanol extract was evaporated and acetic anhydride and concentrated sulfuric acid were added to the dry residue.

The presence of tannins was determined in the aqueous extract (w/v ratio 1:10, extraction duration 5 min) by reaction with a solution of ferroammonium alum.

A lactone test was used to detect coumarins. We prepared the extraction of Caucasian goldenrod from raw materials with ethyl alcohol 95% in a ratio of 1:10 by boiling for 15–20 minutes in a water bath with reflux. To 5 ml of the prepared extract, 10 drops of an alcohol solution of sodium hydroxide 10% were added and heated in a water bath. Then 10 ml of water and 15 drops of hydrochloric acid 10% were added. Identification of amino acids was carried out in acidic extraction (hydrochloric acid, mass-volume ratio 1:10, temperature 70 C, 10 min) by biuret reaction and reaction with ninhydrin solution.

Detection of carbohydrates was carried out using the Bertrand reaction and with ethyl alcohol 95%.

To carry out chromatographic analysis, Filtrak chromatographic paper and Sorbfil plates (PTSH-P-V-UV) were used. The plates for TLC analysis were preliminarily kept in a drying cabinet at a temperature of 100–105 C for 1 hour in order to activate them. Detection method: 5 μl or 10 μl, respectively, of extracts from grass h were applied to the starting line of a chromatographic plate of size 1515 or chromatographic paper using a microsyringe. Caucasian. In parallel, 5 μl of solutions of working standard samples were applied. The chromatographic chambers were pre-saturated with solvent vapors for 40–60 min in the case of TLC and for 12–16 hours in the case of paper chromatography. Chromatography was carried out in an ascending manner in a hermetically sealed chamber containing an appropriate solvent system.

The chromatogram was analyzed when the solvent front reached 13 cm for TLC or 40 cm for HD. After chromatography, the plates were dried in air under a fume hood, viewed in visible and UV light, and treated with a certain reagent using a spray bottle.

HPLC was used to analyze phenolic compounds and organic acids. The analysis was carried out on a Gilston chromatograph, followed by computer processing of the research results using the Multichrome program for Windows.

Identification of the separated substances was carried out by comparing the retention times of the peaks obtained in the sample chromatogram with the retention times of solutions of standard samples. The quantitative ratio of identified substances was assessed by peak area using the internal normalization method.

To determine the monosaccharide composition of carbohydrates, they were acid hydrolyzed. Neutral sugars were identified by GLC. GLC – samples were analyzed on a Chrom-5 chromatograph with a flame ionization detector, glass column (1.5 m 0.3 m) 5% Silicone XE – 60 on NAW chromatograph – 0.2000.250 mesh, 210 C; carrier gas – helium, 30 ml/min in the form of aldononitrile acetates.

Also, to analyze the BAS of the Caucasian goldenrod grass, we used a chromatography-mass spectrometer AT-5850/5973 Agilent Technologies (USA). Quadrupole mass spectrometer with mass range 2 – 950 amu. has a resolution of 0.5 amu. throughout the entire operating range. Ionization by electrons 70 eV. The sensitivity of the device is 0.01 ng for methyl stearate. For chromatographic separation of the sample, a fused silica capillary column with a length of 25 m and an internal diameter of 0.25 mm was used. Stationary phase HP–5ms Hewlett–Packard with a layer thickness of 0.2 μm. Chromatography was carried out in temperature programming mode from 135 to 320 C at a speed of 7 degrees/min. The temperature of the injector and interface was 280 C. Data processing was carried out using the standard programs of the device. Substances in chromatographic peaks were identified using library programs with the NIST mass spectra database.

Calculation of the volume of annual procurement

When examining false-ligulate flowers, rectangular epidermal cells with straight or slightly sinuous, evenly thickened walls, with rounded chromatoplasts are visible on both sides (Figure 4.18). The cuticle is transversely wrinkled, no stomata are found (Figure 4.19). At the base of the flower there are simple multicellular blunt-conical hairs, thin-walled with a smooth surface (Figure 4.20).

When examining the epidermis of a tubular flower (Figure 4.21-1), rectangular cells with straight or slightly convoluted, evenly thickened walls, with polygonal chromatoplasts are visible (Figure 4.21-3). The cuticle is transversely wrinkled, no stomata are found (Figure 4.21-2). Along the edge of the flower there are tufted hairs, consisting of several cells fused with each other (Figure 4.21-4). Figure 4.18 – Photograph of the structure of the epidermis of the false-lingulate flower of the Caucasian goldenrod (magnitude 128) Chromatoplasts and wrinkling of the cuticle of the false-ligulate flower Simple hairs at the base of the false-lingulate flower of the Caucasian goldenrod (magnitude 128) There are numerous simple multicellular hairs with a thick wall and a thin cavity inside. Some hairs are double-ended (Figure 4.21-5). The pollen is round, the surface is spinous, tricolate (Figure 4.21-6). 2 - folding of the cuticle (magnitude x160); 3 - chromatoplasts (magnitude x160); 4 - tufted hairs (magnitude x128); 5 - simple hairs (magnitude x128); 6 - pollen (magnitude x640) The epidermal cells of the involucre leaves are also rectangular with straight or slightly sinuous, evenly thickened walls and a transversely wrinkled cuticle. There are numerous stomata. The stomatal apparatus is anomocytic type, there are 4-6 parastomatal cells. The guard cells of the stomata are lenticular or spheroidal. The stomata are located in the same plane as the epidermis. Capitate hairs on a unicellular stalk with a one- or two-cell head (Figure 4.22). Along the edge of the flower there are papillary outgrowths (Figure 4.23-1). Simple multicellular sharp-cone-shaped and whip-shaped hairs are visible on the surface (Figure 4.23-2). Along the edge of the leaflets there are fringed hairs (Figure 4.23-3). Essential oil glands of tiered type (Figure 4.23-4).

The analysis was carried out in accordance with the instructions of the article “Technique for microscopic and microchemical examination of medicinal plant materials” and according to the method of preparing micropreparations of crushed (cut or powder) herbs (leaves, flowers, stems) (SP XI, v. 1, p. 278).

When examining micropreparations (Figure 4.25) from the surface of the upper side of the leaf, isodiametric epidermal cells of a multifaceted, oval or round shape with slightly sinuous, evenly thickened walls are visible. The cells of the lower epidermis are smaller, with more convoluted side walls. In some places, mild wrinkling of the cuticle (longitudinal wrinkled) may be observed. The stomatal apparatus is anomocytic type; parastomatal cells 4-5. They are the same shape as the integumentary cells of the epidermis. The guard cells of the stomata are lenticular and oval in shape. The stomata are located in the same plane as the epidermis. The hairs are glandular and simple. The glandular ones are short with a one- or two-celled stalk and with a one-celled head, their places of attachment are usual. The hairs are simple multicellular, sharply cone-shaped, thin-walled with a smooth surface; the places of their attachment are normal or at the base of some hairs a rosette of epidermal cells is formed. The pollen is round, its surface is spinous, trifurcated.

Thus, for whole and crushed raw materials of “Goldenrod Caucasian grass” the following diagnostic features can be distinguished: epidermal cells with sinuous walls and a weakly defined longitudinally wrinkled cuticle. Numerous hairs and glands are found on both sides of the leaf. The hairs are simple multicellular, sharply cone-shaped, thin-walled with a smooth surface; the places of their attachment are normal or at the base of some hairs a rosette of epidermal cells is formed. Jelly 65 short hairs on a one- or two-celled stalk and with a one-celled head. 3 Figure 4.25 – Microphotographs of crushed raw materials of Caucasian goldenrod (magnitude 640): 1 – epidermis of the upper side of the leaf; 2 – epidermis of the underside of the leaf; 3 – simple and glandular hairs; 4 – pollen A characteristic feature of Caucasian goldenrod is that areas of collenchyma in the stem bark alternate with chlorenchyma, and the endodermis contains chloroplasts. On the epidermis of the involucre leaves, essential glands of the tiered type are found. The pollen is round, the surface is spinous, tricolate. Microscopic analysis of Caucasian goldenrod powder The analysis was carried out in accordance with the instructions of the article “Technique for microscopic and microchemical examination of medicinal plant materials” and according to the method of preparing micropreparations of the herb powder (SP XI, v. 1, p. 278).

When examining powder micropreparations (Figure 4.26), fragments of epidermal elements of a multifaceted, oval or round shape with slightly tortuous or tortuous evenly thickened walls are visible. The stomatal apparatus is anomocytic type; parastomatal cells 4-5. They are the same shape as the integumentary cells of the epidermis. The guard cells of the stomata are lenticular and oval in shape. Glandular hairs and fragments of simple hairs are visible. The glandular ones are short with a one- or two-celled stalk and with a one-celled head, their places of attachment are usual. The hairs are simple multicellular, sharply cone-shaped, thin-walled with a smooth surface; the places of their attachment are normal or at the base of some hairs a rosette of epidermal cells is formed. Scraps of blood vessels are visible. The pollen is round, its surface is spinous, tricolate.

Morphological characteristics of rhizomes with roots of Caucasian goldenrod

To study the carbohydrates of the Caucasian goldenrod herb, a sample of the raw material (30.0 g) was extracted twice with chloroform (100 ml) followed by drying.

Then the remainder of the raw material was extracted twice with boiling ethyl alcohol 82% to isolate alcohol-soluble sugars (SSS). The resulting extracts were evaporated and chromatographed on Filtrak FN 7, 12 paper in the butanol–pyridine–water system (6:4:3) for 17-18 hours with standard samples of neutral monosaccharides. SRS according to BCh data are represented by glucose, galactose (developer acid aniline phthalate), fructose and sucrose (developer 5% urea). Identification of carbohydrates was carried out in comparison with standard samples and by Rf value.

Then the polysaccharides were isolated by sequentially extracting water-soluble polysaccharides with water (WPS), a mixture of solutions of oxalic acid and ammonium oxalate - pectin substances (PS), and an alkali solution - hemicellulose (HMC).

The meal obtained after extraction with ethyl alcohol 82% was dried and three times extraction with water was carried out in a ratio of 1:10; 1:5; 1:2 under constant stirring conditions. The extracts were combined, filtered, evaporated under reduced pressure using a rotary evaporator to 1/5 of the initial volume of the extract at a temperature of 45-50 C, then precipitated with a threefold volume of ethyl alcohol 95%. The precipitate was centrifuged, washed with ethyl alcohol, dehydrated with acetone, dried and weighed.

To isolate pectin substances, the remainder of the raw material obtained after previous operations was extracted with a mixture of solutions of oxalic acid 0.5% and ammonium oxalate 0.5% in equal proportions in a meal-extractant ratio of 1:5, 1:4 and 1:2 in water bath at 85-90 C for 3 hours. Next, the extracts were combined, centrifuged and dialyzed. The resulting extract was evaporated to 1/20 of the original volume and precipitated with a six-fold volume of 95% ethyl alcohol. The resulting precipitate was centrifuged, washed with ethyl alcohol, dried and weighed.

To isolate hemicelluloses, the resulting raw material residue was extracted with four and three times the volume of sodium hydroxide 5% at room temperature. The resulting extracts were combined, neutralized with acetic acid, dialyzed, the dialysate was evaporated to 1/10 of the original volume and precipitated with a threefold volume of 95% ethyl alcohol. The precipitate was purified, dried as described above, and weighed.

To establish the monosaccharide composition of carbohydrates, they were acid hydrolyzed with 10% sulfuric acid in a ratio of 1:4.9 at a temperature of 100-105 C for 10 hours for VPPS; 24 hours – PT; 72 hours – for HMC in sealed ampoules. Then the contents of the ampoules were transferred into cups, the ampoules were washed with 5 ml of water, and neutralized with barium carbonate using a universal indicator to a neutral environment. The resulting solutions were filtered, the filters were washed with water until the filtrate volume was 10 ml. Next, three times the volume of 95% ethyl alcohol was added, thoroughly mixed, left to stand for 1-2 hours, and the resulting precipitates were filtered. The filtrates were evaporated in a boiling water bath to a volume of about 1 ml. Precipitates of barium salts of uronic acids were deionized with KU-2 (H+) cation exchanger to pH 3-4. The solutions were filtered and evaporated to obtain a volume of about 1 ml of solution.

Neutral sugars were identified by GLC. GLC – samples were analyzed on a Chrom – 5 chromatograph with a flame ionization detector, glass column (1.5 m 0.3 m) 5% Silicone XE – 60 on a NAW chromatograph – 0.2000.250 mesh, 210 C; carrier gas – helium, 30 ml/min, in the form of acetate 105

Aldononitriles Commodity. Based on the number of constituent monosaccharides, the isolated VPPS and PV belong to galactans, and HMC to xylans. The largest amount of galactose was found in the PV fractions. The main contents are the fractions of PV and HMC.

The amount of uronic acids was determined by the photoelectrocolorometric method by the reaction with carbazole in a sulfuric acid medium. Glucuronic acids were identified in all fractions, especially in PV.

Quantitative determination of free (Ks) and esterified (E) carboxyl groups was carried out by the titrimetric method with potentiometric fixation of the equivalence point on a pH-meter brand “pH-340” with subsequent calculation of the degree of esterification.

VPPS are dark brown powder. When dissolved in water, they have a viscosity index of 3.0 (with 1%, water). The titrimetric method established Kc = 1.98%, Ke = 4.6%. The degree of esterification is 69.9%. Consequently, VPPS are highly esterified, which is the basis for their recommendation for use as excipients in the preparation of dosage forms: gelling agents, thickeners, stabilizers, etc.

Pectin substances are a dark brown powder; when heated, they dissolve in water, forming viscous solutions (viscosity coefficient 10.17). Content Ks = 6.75%, Ke = 3.78%, = 35.89%. Consequently, PVs are low-esterified, and a sufficiently high content of free carboxyl groups makes this plant object promising for the isolation of pectins with pronounced sorption properties, especially in relation to metal ions.

Based on the analysis of the identified characteristic absorption bands in the IR spectra of carbohydrate samples, the following conclusion can be made.

In almost all spectra of the analyzed fractions in the range of 3300–3700 cm–1, a wide and intense band of stretching vibrations of both primary and secondary OH groups associated with intra- and intermolecular hydrogen bonds is observed. The presence of this absorption band can be explained by the presence of characteristic donor-acceptor hydrogen bonds of the hydroxyl with the substituted hydroxyl. In the region of 2930-2810 cm–1 there are bands of stretching vibrations of CH groups.

The presence of pronounced bands of stretching vibrations in the regions of 1758-1605 cm–1 and 1479-1412 cm–1 is characteristic of unsymmetrical and symmetrical ionized carboxyl groups, respectively, which suggests the presence of acids, primarily uronic ones, apparently associated by electrostatic bonds with ions of some S –metals.

At the end of summer, in garden plots you can notice a sunny plant of bright yellow color with small flowers collected in a pyramidal panicle. This is goldenrod. And this is not just a plant, but a honey plant and, moreover, a medicine that saves us from many diseases. People also call it “golden feather”, “golden rod”, living grass, and in Belarus “sumnik”. The distribution area covers forest zones of Western Siberia, Atlantic and Central Europe, the Caucasus, Scandinavia, and the Far East.

Description

The most popular are two varieties: Canadian goldenrod (photos below) and common goldenrod. Let's take a closer look at the appearance of each of them.

Goldenrod

This is a herbaceous plant, a perennial belonging to the Asteraceae family. Basically, it prefers to grow in clearings, thickets of bushes, forest edges, river banks, and hilly slopes. In adulthood, the height of the golden feather reaches 0.8-1 m.

The root system is superficial, fleshy. There is a single erect stem, sometimes colored reddish. The top of the plant branches, although the stem itself is practically not covered with foliage. The latter has an alternate arrangement, a serrated edge and a sharp and oblong-elliptical shape. What is noteworthy is that the bagel has slight pubescence throughout its entire area.

The plant is poisonous!

At the end of summer from July to September, racemose or paniculate inflorescences are formed at the top of the stem, including a large number of bright yellow flowers. At the end of flowering, from August to October, a fruit is formed containing ribbed cylindrical seeds with a tuft.

Goldenrod

This plant species also belongs to the perennial forms of Compositae. It is found mainly along roads, in clearings, swamps, forest edges, river and lake banks. As for the soil, the favorite place is moderately moist, but at the same time the plant develops well in slightly moist and even swampy areas.

The root is short, taproot. The stem is identical to the previous variety of goldenrod, only it is colored in tones from light to dark green, and the height of the plant reaches 1.4 m. There is also slight hairiness. The leaves are linear-lanceolate in shape, alternately located on the stem, and at the bottom they have serrated edges and a short petiole, and closer to the top they are sessile and entire.

Flowering begins with the blooming of bright yellow small (3-5 mm) bisexual buds and the further formation of a cone-shaped panicle up to 20 cm. In the middle of the panicle the flowers are tubular in shape, and at the edges they are false-ligulate. At the end of flowering, narrow-cylindrical fruits are formed in the form of a ribbed achene with a white tuft.

Hybrid goldenrod

There is such a variety of the plant, but it is less popular. It is distinguished by its compact size and beautiful foliage. It was this specimen that gave birth to other varieties, such as goldtanne, spatgold, fearlenkron, perkeo.

Goldenrod: planting and care (with photo of the plant)

In order for the plant to please the eye with its bright flowering, you need to properly care for the plant during the growth period.

For planting, it is best to choose places well lit by sunlight. But even in light shade, the golden feather will grow beautifully. But you should know that this affects flowering differently: the brighter the lighting, the earlier and more abundant it is. It is worth adding that the plant tolerates frost well.

It is preferable to plant the plant on fertile loam, so the flowering will be much more magnificent. But you can also plant in heavy, poor soils. A slight drought is not a problem for the bagger. However, for best flowering, you should water it regularly.

In summer, watering should be plentiful.

Goldenrod needs to be fertilized twice per year. With the onset of spring, these are fertilizers of a complex composition with a 10-20% content. But in the autumn, fertilizing with preparations with a nitrogen content of no more than 10% or without it at all is needed.

In spring, as well as from the beginning of summer, weak shoots need to be removed from bushes. This will stimulate new growth and flowering. Before winter, the plant should be prepared. To do this, the entire earthly part is completely cut off.

Goldenrod can be left in one place for no more than 10 years. Afterwards, the middle of the bushes thins out and will need to be renewed by planting new specimens.

Reproduction

You can increase the number of copies in several ways:

1. Planting bushes in spring or summer.
2. Cuttings. To do this, in the summer, a pair of young shoots are separated, dividing the root system. You can also trim the top of a long annual shoot and root it later.
3. Another way is to trim the shoots of the bush during flowering. This will stimulate dormant buds and give rise to new shoots.
4. Seminal. The collected planting material is sown in the ground at 18–22°C. After 2-3 weeks you can observe the first shoots. It is worth noting that the seeds, thanks to their tufts, scatter around and give new growth, gradually turning into thickets. To avoid this, young shoots must be removed and panicles must be trimmed after flowering to prevent the seeds from ripening.

Diseases and pests

In hot weather, due to the strong thickening of the bushes, the plant is often affected by powdery mildew. To prevent this, the bushes should be thinned regularly, removing a third of the sprouts. You should not be zealous in adding nitrogenous fertilizers. Their excess also provokes the appearance of the disease.

What is noteworthy is that goldenrod is not affected by pests.

Due to its brightness, the golden rod is widely used in group and solitary plantings, for mixborders, edgings, and as a decoration for border fences. Low-height varieties look great in rock garden containers on terraces or balconies.

Medicinal properties and contraindications of goldenrod

In medicine, preference is given to the Canadian or common bagel. Let's look at the medicinal effects of each.

Medicinal properties of common goldenrod

For treatment, above-ground parts of the plant are used, in particular foliage and panicles. The root system is also used, but much less frequently. For harvesting, the above-ground part is taken in the summer during the flowering period, and the underground part - in the fall.

The plant and all medicinal infusions, decoctions and other remedies prepared from it have:

1. Antibacterial and antioxidant effect.
2. Due to the presence of flavonoids, capillary permeability decreases.
3. In some cases, it is included in the fees recommended for the treatment of prostate adenoma and impotence.
4. Effectiveness was noted for stones of oxalate and urate nature.
5. It has a diuretic effect, therefore it is effectively used for problems with the bladder and kidneys.
6. Anti-inflammatory and vascular strengthening properties.
7. It is successfully used in the treatment of cystitis, chronic prostatitis, and urethritis.
8. Antifungal properties, which makes it possible to treat thrush.

Goldenrod is contraindicated for use in phosphate stones because it has the ability to increase urine pH.

Common bagel is also used in folk medicine, for example, for indigestion, gout, rheumatism, and in the treatment of boils. In the latter case, the leaves of the plant are used as a remedy if they are applied to the sore spot.

Medicinal properties of Canadian goldenrod

This variety also uses the above-ground part, which is harvested as soon as the flowers bloom.

The collection of medicinal raw materials is carried out during the flowering period (at the initial stage). To do this, the top 30-40 cm are cut off from the shoots. Further preparation differs from the usual golden feather. The stems are removed from the cut tops and only the panicles and leaves are dried. Next, they are sent to the shade to dry at a temperature of no more than 35-40ºС, placed in a thin layer on a substrate.

Do not delay collecting the material, otherwise the flowers will become very fluffy when drying.

Medicinal products are prepared from the prepared raw materials, which are used for the same diseases as ordinary bagel. This list also includes the fight against whooping cough, enuresis, bronchial asthma, and various skin problems.

Now you are familiar with the beneficial properties of goldenrod, contraindications and care for it. If you follow all the recommendations, you will be able to beautifully arrange your site, making it vibrant and bright yellow, and you will also be able to improve your health. However, do not forget to consult your doctor first.

Autumn honey plant goldenrod - video